THE BRITISH RACES OF BUTTERFLIES. 77 
width, it gives out two or three sharp points, which blend with the 
lunules. 
This species affords an excellent example of the confusion 
which may ensue from not taking the trouble in due time to point out 
and correct mistakes. Had Htibner’s figure been examined more care- 
fully from the very beginning, and his name sphyrus not wrongly used 
for a century and a half, Zeller’s name would have been used, instead 
of being entirely left out in literature, even by his own countrymen, 
and I should not have been led to create a useless synonym. 
Pieris (Aporia) crategi, L.—All the British specimens I have 
seen agree perfectly with the Scandinavian race in being rather lightly 
scaled and in presenting a wide translucent area at the end of each 
nervule along the outer margin; they sometimes, in point of fact, 
actually blend into a more or less continuous band; thus, British 
crataegi belongs to the nymo-typical race. I have described, under the 
name of meridionalis, the race of Central and Southern Kurope, in 
which the scaling is more dense and in which the translucent marginal 
areas are greatly reduced or entirely absent. In some regions of the 
extreme south one meets with a very distinct race in which the outer- 
half of the nervules is covered by jet black scaling (augusta, Turati); 
the types are from Sicily, but 1 possess a specimen captured in the 
Island of Rhodes by an Italian officer, showing augusta has a wide 
range. 
Pieris (Pontia) daplidice, L.— The specimens which are 
sometimes met with on the South Coast of England belong to the 
usual Continental summer form and thus agree with the Linnean 
types. The strong flight of this species and its migratory habits 
explain its very limited variability, distinct forms only occurring in 
Africa and Asia Minor, where a wide range of sea or great distance 
have prevented blending to a certain extent and permitted local causes 
to act on the species: albidice, Obth. (to which Staudinger makes the 
blunder of attributing the name raphani, Ksp., whereas Esper’s figure 
represents P. helice, L.!), nitida, Verity, moorei, Rober, aethiops, Joann 
and Verity, etc. 
Pieris napi race britannica, Verity, ‘‘ Rhopalecera Palae- 
arctica,” p. 832, pl. xxxii., figs. 4 and 5 (1911) and P. napi sub- 
species vulgaris race septentrionalis, mihi (forma apicenudata 
nom. noy.). 
In my “Revision of the Linnean types of Palearctic Rhopalocera”’ 
(‘Linnean Society’s Journal—Zoology,” vol. xxxui., May 1913), I have, 
on page 177, described the Linnean specimen of this species and 
discussed the position it should, according to my view, occupy in this 
highly intricate group. It belongs to the Northern Scandinavian race, 
which is much more closely related to the alpine bryoniae, O., than to the 
widespread insect which is generally known under the name of napi. I 
consequently proposed the name of vulgaris to distinguish the latter 
from the nymo-typical one and chose the first brood of the neighbour- 
hood of Florence (Italy) as typical of vulyaris, because amongst the 
races I know it is that which keeps most constantly distinct from the 
Linnean. The latter is generally small, the basal suffusion of the 
