80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
sort should be taken up on a wide scale. I tried to breed English 
butterflies in Italy, but they invariably succumbed in this climate at an 
early stage, when kept in the open, and even chrysalids often dried up 
soon after arriving here, when sent at that stage of development, so 
that I never obtained any result. 
Pieris rape, L.—The English race does not seem to differ from 
the nymo-typical Scandinavian one, being, like it, rather smaller and 
slighter built than the Central-European and Southern races. It may 
be noticed however that the individual form with no black markings on 
the upper-side, which occurs commonly in the spring in other countries, 
such as Italy, and has been called lewcotera by Stefanelli [‘* Bull. Soe. 
Ent. Ital.,” xxxii. (1900)], is not as frequent in the British Islands. 
On the other hand seasonal dimorphism seems to be well marked ; 
Stephens had noticed it as far back as 1827 and had described the 
spring brood as a distinct species under the name of metra, assuming 
the summer brood to be the nymo-typical one. As stated in my paper 
on the Linnean collection, the type of this species is of the first brood, 
so that the name metra must be dropped and the name estiva, 
Zeller [‘Isis,”’ 1847] (given to the summer brood from Sicily, which 
does not differ in most specimens from that of other parts of Europe) 
must be exhumed ; when I proposed the name aestivus in the paper 
just mentioned I did not know of the existence of Zeller’s name. 
(To be continued.) 
Brenthis pales, its history and its named forms. 
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 
Brenthis pales is one of the most interesting of the group smaller of 
Argynnid species. It is met with in all the mountainous regions of 
the Temperate Eastern Hemisphere as well as being found in the 
northern parts of EKurope, in Scandinavia, Lapland, Northern Russia, 
and the Amur. That it is a species which has attracted considerable 
attention may be inferred from the fact that at least three dozen names 
have been bestowed by different writers to designate varietal and aber- 
rational forms which they had met with and thought that they were 
able to differentiate. 
The pre-Linnzan authors have no references which can with any 
certainty be said to suggest this species, and probably, until the time 
of Schiffermiiller, it was confused with euphrosyne and selene, to which 
some of its forms have a passable similarity, particularly in the strongly 
spotted underside of the forewings. 
In 1776 (5) Schiffermuller, in the “Sys. Verzeichniss Schm. 
Wien.,”’ p. 177, very briefly described a small fritillary as follows :— 
“Qraniengelber, unten roth und silberfleckichter Falter,” 
which he named P. pales, and of which he did not know the larva. 
This description would do generally for euphrosyne and selene as well as 
for pales if one had not the specimen before one, but Schiffermiller 
evidently had pales before him, as he refers to the larve of euphrosyne 
as having a definite food-plant. It is evidently not selene as he adds 
that species in his appendix, p. 321. 
The next author to take up this species was Esper, who, in 1778, 
oy, 
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