BRENTHIS PALES, ITS HISTORY AND ITS NAMED FORMS. 81 
in his “‘Schm. Abbild-Beschr.,” Th. i., Bnd. ii., plt. lvi. (cont. vi.), 
figs. 4 and 5, pp. 35-6, figured and described a species of small fritillary 
which he named arstlache. 
In fig. 4, the upperside has fairly strong black markings on the 
hindwing, which latter in shape tends to be angulated. The under- 
side of the upper wings show some of the markings of the upperside 
very faintly; the marginal markings are brownish-white and the 
ground deep orange-red, there being more concentration of markings 
towards the apex. The underside of the lower wings is a mixture of 
deep orange-red, bright yellow and silver, there being a series of silvery 
half dises on the hind margin in a setting of the deep orange-red, the 
bright yellow only coming down to two of the half-discs. The antenne 
are long. The specimen is apparently a male, and was caught by 
Esper himself near Vienna. 
In fig. 5, on the same plate, another insect is figured and called a 
variety of the last. It is said to be a 3, and was taken at Neustadt 
by one of Esper’s correspondents. To all appearances the figure is a 
@; its body is stouter, the apex of the abdomen has a female appear- 
ance, the shape of wing is more rounded, and there is no tendency to 
angulation in the hindwings, which are uniformly curved, as invariably 
is the case in the females; finally the antenne are short. The upper- 
sides of the forewings are well marked with black, as is the hindwing, 
while the hind margins of both wings have a continuous band of black 
and of orange-red markings. On the forewings the transverse discal 
series of black markings are continuous and well emphasised. The 
disc of the hindwing has a few well defined black markings which are 
united into an irregular line. The underside of the lower wing has 
white blotches on the costal portion of the disc and on the submargin, 
the rest of the area being covered by a mosaic of red, silver and yellow. 
There is no silver at the margin, which has yellow lunules bedded in a 
red band, with a silver spot above each bedded in yellow. The under- 
side of the forewings has very strong black markings scattered over it, 
with brown and white streaks in part of the marginal red band. 
In the letterpress Esper says that the species is very nearly related 
to euphrosyne, but that the spots are differently arranged and much 
smaller. The black markings of the upperside show through on the 
underside of the forewings. The spotting of the hindwing underside 
is very variable in different specimens, there is no black whatever in 
the mixture of red, yellow and brown. In the figure (5) which he calls 
a variety of arsilache he says that the wings are larger, the body bolder, 
there are less silvery markings and that the original was a ¢. He 
expresses a doubt as to whether the form deserves specific rank. There 
is no reference to Schiffermiiller’s pales of the ‘‘ Verz. Wien.” 
Thus Esper is actually, although unwittingly, the first reviser of 
ihe species pales, W.V., and definitely names the form without the 
strongly black marked undersides of forewings as arstlache, at the same 
time calling the form so marked a variety of arsilache. Was he aware 
of the pales of Schiffermiiller? [Mr. Wheeler says (in lit.) ‘‘ This 1s, 
I think, quite a mistaken deduction.” See notes appended to Hubner’s 
remarks. | 
In 1779, Engramelle and Ernst in their ‘‘ Pap. d’Hur.,” part 1., 
vol. ii., p. 245, described, and on plt. lx. (sup. vi.), figs. 21 a.b.c.d. 
(bis) and a.b.c.d. (tert) figured ‘‘ Le pales grande et petite species.” 
