BRENTHIS PALES, ITS HISTORY AND ITS NAMED FORMS. 83 
says that Esper’s fig. 5 is only a var. of his fig. 4, and that specimens 
from Sweden are quite comparable to those of warmer lands. He 
notes that the red-brown of the underside is in some varieties dark red. 
He apparently considers the form with more or less unspotted under- 
side forewing as arsilache. 
Fabricius, in ‘Mant. Ins.,” vol. ii., p. 63 (1787), in describing 
pales gives arsilache as a synonym, and does not differentiate any 
variation. In the appended larger description he says of the underside 
of forewing “‘subtus antice fulve lunulis punctisque aliquot nigris 
maculisque duabus flavis apicis.” 
This is copied verbatim into the “Ent. Sys. emend. et auct.,” of 
Fabricius, p. 257, in 1798. 
Borkhausen, in 1788, in his “ Nat. Hur. Schm.,” vol. i., p. 48, in 
some detail described arsilache. He states that the underside of the 
forewings has the markings of the upperside, only quite washed out, and 
as it were showing through, but says nothing as to two or more forms. 
He gives the fig. of Hsper, plt. 56, fig. 1, pales, as being synonymous, 
and refers in the same way to Bergstrasser, plt. 42, figs. 1-2, plt. 84, 
fies. 6-7. He says that arsilache comes very near both selene and 
euphrosyne, but that its wings have a different shape, the forewings are 
longer, the hindwings broader and more angular. The black spots 
are somewhat smaller, less in number, and have a different position. 
The hindwings on the underside have more red-yellow mixed with 
brown. The silver spots are more in number than in euphrosyne ; 
there are usually twelve. They have for the most part a different 
position and arrangement, the middle one is especially varied in length. 
The cround colour is the same. The spots of euphrosyne, between the 
middle and outer bands, are in this species almost blind eyes, and the 
single spot between the middle and the hind band is quite wanting. 
The thorax is furnished with very long hairs, which extend almost 
half way across the wings. This butterfly has never been met with 
except in the neighbourhood of Vienna. Thus Borkhausen agrees 
with Hsper in calling the more or less non-spotted underside form 
arsilache. 
From Gmelin, (Lin.) “Syst. Nat.,” vol.i., pt. 5, p. 2835 (1788). 
I qnote, as the then current opinion, “ Pales. P. alis subintegris fulvis: 
basi maculisque nigris, posterius subtus brunneis flavo argenteoque 
variis.”’ =Hsp. P. arsilache, plt. 56, figs. 4 and 5. Habitat in Austria, 
Diae affinis et aequalis. 
This “improved’’ edition of Linneus “Sys. Nat.” says nothing 
about the spotting of the forewing underside, but cites Esper’s 
arsilache and the pales of Schitt. as identical. 
De Villars, “‘ Ent. Lin.,” gives the following in vol. ii., p. 59 (1789). 
* =pales, W.V. P. P. arsilaché corpore piloso, alis dentatis fulvis, 
nigro punctatis; inferioribus maculis, 12 argenteis, reliquis flavis, 
fasciaque marginali ex ocellis.”’ 
Subsequently in vol. iv., p. 414 (1789). =pales W.V., he adds 
* Magnitudo et affinitas P. dia. Ale supra omnes, fulve et basi 
maculisque plurimis nigris. Subtus antice fulve lunulis punctisque 
aliquot nigris maculisque duabus flavis apicis. Postice basi maculis 
argenteis, tune brunnes puncto parvo argenteo, tunc fascia magna, 
sinuata, obsolete flava, et in hac macule due argentex, altera in medio, 
altera ad marginem exteriorem, demum brunnee maculis aliquot fere 
