gait t ew er 
THE BRITISH RACES OF BUTTERFLIES. Si 
The British Races of Butterflies: their relationships and nomen- 
clature.* 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 
(Continued from page 80.) 
Pieris brassicae, L.— What has been said of P. rapaecan be repeated 
exactly of this species. The migratory habits of P. brassicae have 
probably contributed in maintaining the lack of variation observed in 
the whole of Kurope. Seasonal dimorphism is, however, well marked 
in the whole of its range. Stephen’s name chariclea is but a synonym 
of the nymo-typical spring brood, and the name lepidii, Réber [Seitz, 
Gross-Schmetterlinge, p. 45 (1907),], must be used to designate the 
summer brood. 
The beautiful individual form of the spring generation, with the 
apical crescent completely suffused with white scaling, so as to give it 
a pale grey look, which contrasts sharply in the female, with the black 
spots of the disc, is certainly very rare in the British Islands, if 
it occurs there at all, for I have never seen a British specimen of it. 
It is fairly common in the South of Hurope, and Oberthiir has figured 
it from a Spanish specimen and named it vazquezi in his ‘* Htudes de 
Lépidopt. Comparée,” vol. ix., fig. 2207 (1914). In Rhopalocera 
Palaearctica I had figured it without giving it a name, as I considered 
it the culminating form of the spring brood variation. It would 
be interesting to have records of its existence in the British Islands. 
Kuchloe cardamines race britannica, Verity, Rhopalocera 
Palaearctica, p. 190, pl. xxvii, fig. 8 (1908). 
The variation of this species in Europe culminates in three 
distinct forms; the northern, the southern, and the alpine, 
corresponding exactly to the three forms of Anthocharis crameri, 
Butler (belia, auct.), and which have been named sub-sp. occidentalis, 
Verity, true sub-sp. crameri, Btl., and sub-sp. simplonia, Freyer. In 
the first the green markings of the undersides are very wide-spread, 
greatly reducing the extent of the white spaces, and the green is mixed 
with black scales, thus being very dark; in the second it is much 
lesser in extent, giving the impression of irregular transverse bands on 
a white ground-colour, and it is mixed with bright yellow scaling; in 
the third, or alpine form, it bas a peculiar diffused look, and it extends 
along the nervules longitudinally, especially towards the outer margin. 
In cardamines the two latter forms have been named, race meridio- 
nalis, Verity, which includes race turritis, O., in the extreme south, and 
race montivaya, Turati and Verity. The nymo-typical Linnean form 
belongs to the first and is Scandinavian. 
The British cardamines differs from it in some specimens, which 
have a peculiar appearance of their own, not observed on the 
Continent ; but they are mixed with specimens quite similar to the 
Linnean race. In the extreme specimens of the former, such as 
the one | have figured (i.c.), the wings are more elongated and 
narrower, and the apical black crescent extends enormously both in 
width and in length; on the upperside it reaches the posterior angle 
* We must again call attenti to the fact that we do not accept Dr. Verity’s 
Nomenclature.—H.J.T. 
May 15ru, 1916. 
