THE BRITISH RACES OF BUTTERFLIES. 99 
on the underside the hindwings are suffused abundantly with green scales 
and the row of black spots across the wings is very conspicuous. 
In Italy there exists a marked difference between the spring brood 
and the following ones; the former, which I have named yvernalis in 
Fihopalocera Palaearctica, is very much like the autumn one just de- 
scribed, but it never has the broad black marginal band of the latter. 
My English specimens also have narrower and more pointed wings 
than Italian ones. Compared witha series of C. hyale from Cassel (Ger- 
many) the difference is quite trifling, so that we cannot talk of local 
races, but the species is evidently very sensitive to climate, and indi- 
viduals which develop in the autumn in the south belong to the same 
form as those of the single or of the summer brood of Northern and 
Central HKurope. The Linnean specimens are obviously of this form, 
so that the beautiful large and very brightly coloured summer genera- 
tion of Southern Hurope might be distinguished from it by the name 
calida, mihi, taking as the “types” of it the male and female from 
Tuscany, figured by me in Rhopal. Palaearctica, pl. xL., figs. 81 and 36. 
Colias croceus, Fourer. (edusa, Fabr.)—The late W. F. Kirby was 
the first to point out in his Synonomic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera 
(1871), that this name has the right of priority over the name edusa, 
Fabr., which had been generally adopted for the species, but it hag 
been entirely ignored until quite recently, when Rober took it up in 
Seitz’s Gross-Schmetterlinge. 
C. croceus does not seem to be a true sedentary British species, its 
presence in Hngland being due to migration, which the strong flight 
of the species greatly favours. I know of no local form produced by 
the few generations which sometimes survive in the British Islands, 
but specimens similar to the spring-brood form of the South of Europe 
(vernalis, Verity) seem to occur there in summer. 
Gonepteryx rhamni, L.—The Linnean specimen is a male of the 
northern race: small, light yellow, discoidal spots so small and pale as 
to be quite inconspicuous. British specimens agree with it perfectly, 
thus differing markedly from the large, brightly-coloured race from 
Southern Hurope, in which the discoidal spots are orange coloured ; 
the latter | have named transiens. A still more distinct race occurs in 
Africa and Asia Minor: meridionalis, Rober. 
Apatura pseudoiris, Verity (iris, auctorum), Linnean Society’s 
Journal, Zoology, vol. xxxii., p. 180 (1913). 
I refer those who may be interested in this point to my original 
exposition of the case, which has obliged me to rename this species, 
the name its having been intended by Linnaeus to stand for its ally, 
generally known under the name ¢ia, Schiff. 
I am not acquainted enough with the English pseudoiris to make 
out whether it is in any way. different from the Continental races. 
Limenitis camilla, L. (sibilla, L.).—The carelessness of early 
entomologists and of their successors created and carried down another 
misnomer to the present day. Nobody had taken the trouble 
apparently of reading over Linneus’s descriptions of the insects he 
named camilla and sibilla, until Stichel was wise enough to do so, and 
