GYNANDROMORPHISM. 108 
about as many males as females dried up, but in almost every case the 
moths appear to have been fully developed, the wings coloured, etc. 
This mortality amounted to about 8 per cent. for all insects raised 
except for a small family of japonica, in which it was much higher— 
about 40 per cent. I do not know how to account for this, as my 
large pupe breeding-case was in excellent order, all the different 
compartments being equally moist. 
There have been in all 84 males, four of which—one thoroughly 
and three slightly—gynandromorphous—I sent at once to friends in 
England; the other 80 are on the table before me as I write.- They 
vary in every possible degree between the normal insect and an insect 
with apparently female wings, thorax, and abdomen: all are small, how- 
ever, and have male antenne. I opened the abdomens of all the seven 
male insects that died in the pupal state, and found that one of them 
had a rudimentary row of ova, but all had normal male genitalia. In 
spite of this fact, I had but few couplings, though most of the males 
appeared most assiduous in their attentions ; something seemed to be 
amiss, still there was nothing abnormal in any of the coupling organs 
in the specimens I examined. 
From the family to which I here beg to call attention I obtained 
127 females and 84 males. The females are on the whole rather large, 
and a few of them have the dark colouring of the var. japonica, one at 
least might pass for a thoroughbred japonica; several on the other 
hand are very small indeed, one being rather smaller than the normal 
male with a narrow male-like abdomen, but with female antenne and 
genitalia. I need hardly say that, as all the larve hatched out 
together and were fed together, this last mentioned moth could hardly 
be a result of bad feeding. Of the 84 males all have male antenne, 
and, in all that I have examined, complete male genitalia. In three 
males out of every five the abdomen is thicker than in the normal 
male, in a few cases the abdomen is very thick, and I suspect several 
must possess rudimentary ova as was the case with one of the seven 
which I broke up. The abdomen is sometimes normal in colour, 
generally with a few tiny tufts of white scales; sometimes the white 
scales predominate ; in extreme cases all scales are apparently greyish 
white. The ground colour of the wing varies from the dark. uniform 
brown of japonica male, hindwings having no pattern of any descrip- 
tion (only one specimen, No. 34), to a pale dispar yellow-brown, several 
(e.y., No. 11), have very dark markings on the gray ground colour. 
As for the gynandromorphous markings on the wings, they vary as much 
as it is possible to do so. Two seem perfectly normal male dispar, the 
’ other 82 mix the brown and the white in stripes, spots and patches in a 
delightfully irregular patchwork fashion. I will describe a few by 
way of example. To begin with, the two I have quoted above, Nos. 
84 and 11. The first mentioned possesses two fine white stripes on 
the left upper wing, strongly contrasting with the almost black wing, 
other wings normal. The second has a broad white stripe and a 
white triangle on the right forewing, white spots on margin of left hind- 
wing, two stripes running into one another, and two white spots on right 
hind-wing and a few white scales on the abdomen. No. 1 ([ have 
ticketed them all in order of birth) has central area of left forewing 
white (4 of whole), about the same amount of white on right forewing, 
but situated nearer the upper margin, left hindwing white with a 
