132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
Central Europe, and it also occurs in isolated colonies or as individual 
variation in the south (for instance, I have it from the Abruzzi in 
Southern Italy), but not in its most highly characteristic form, such 
as most English specimens exhibit. It may be described as follows: 
About the same size as the nymotypical race, understood as 
mentioned above, i.e., smaller on an average than procida; females 
especially do not reach the large size which is often observed amongst 
the procida, and sometimes occurs even in the nymotypical race; the 
whole of the black pattern is greatly reduced in extent and the clearer 
evidence of it is to be found in the premarginal white spaces, which in 
all the internervular areas are very extensive and are marked off by 
sharply defined outlines ; in the nymotypical race these spaces are all 
present on both fore- and hindwings of most female specimens, but 
they are much smaller and diffused, and in many males they are 
scarcely discernible; in procida they are nearly always all absent in 
the male, except the last one on the forewing and the last three 
on the hindwing, and the same character is very often exhibited also 
by the female. Another distinctive feature is to be found in the pre- | 
marginal band which surrounds the ocelli on the hindwings; in the 
hymotypical race, and even more so in procida, it is broad and of a 
deep black colouring on the upper surface, so that the ocelli are 
completely absorbed by it and are no more visible; in serena it tends 
to obliteration, being reduced in extent medially and entirely suffused 
with white scaling, which causes a grey colouring to it and upon 
which the ocelli are sharply defined in deep black; on the underside 
the grey band, which surrounds the ocelli in the nymotypical race and 
is still darker in procida, is more or less completely obliterated in serena. 
In turcica and calabra the pattern of the outer-half of the wings is 
nearly identical to that of procida, but the median disco-cellular band 
is very much wider, and the blackish basal suffusion extends so far out 
on the wing as nearly to reach it and blend with it. 
I must finally observe the interesting fact that in North Africa M. 
lucast,*Rber., which is so closely allied to galathea as to probably be a 
sub-species, exhibits the very characters of the northern serena, differing 
from it chiefly by its gigantic size; amongst the Sicilian procida, 
specimens of the female sex are to be met with, which tend to vary in 
the same direction. Thus we find that the darkest forms are produced 
in the south of Kurope, and that both northwardly and southwardly 
the species acquires a whiter form. 
Erebia epiphron, Kn.—The nymotypical form of this spevies is 
the one with the brown pattern reduced to the highest degree, so that 
the rust coloured band-like space is very wide and continuous, and its 
inner outline is diffused and nearly reaches the end of the cell by a 
series of sharp points; the ocelli are very large and in the female they 
exhibit some clearly marked white pupils; on the hindwings the same 
proportion between the different markings is exhibited. Another form 
is cassiope, F., in which these band-like spaces are narrower and 
sharply outlined on the inner side and the ocelli have no white centres. 
A third form is mnemon, Hw., in which the rust-coloured spaces are 
split up in separate spots on the forewings, and are entirely absent on 
the hindwings. Nelamus, B., and obsoleta, Tutt, are only aberra- 
