BRENTHIS PALES, ITS HISTORY AND ITS NAMED FORMS. 135 
two spots. Nothing of the central band is to be seen except that the 
ground colour is somewhat darker.” 
In 1818, Hubner in his “ Verz,” p. 30, catalogued napaea and 
pales as two separate species, and gave isis as a synonym of napaea. 
He does not include arstlache in his list, which is most curious, as not 
only had the name been in use for at least 40 years, but he himself 
had used it on his plate 7 of “Sam. Hur. Schm.,’’ for figs. 36, 87, in 
1799. Now he allows it to be inferred that he had wrongly called 
these two figures arsilache, for he expressly adds as a reference to the 
form pales his own figs. 34, 35, 86, and 87, only to two of which, viz., 
34, 35, he had originally appended this name. 
In 1818, Hubner in the “Sam. eur. Schm.,” on plate 151, figs. 
757, 758, gave the upper- and undersides of a pales form under the 
name napaea. In size it is about that of an average pales, and the 
colour of the ground wherever seen is a similar fulvous to that of the 
average pales, but over the greater portion of all the wings lies a dusky, 
somewhat violet suffusion or clouding. This suffusion starts from the 
base, runs narrowly along the costa to the apex, and widely (half the 
width of the wing), alomg the inner margin to the outer margin. On 
the hindwing this suffusion covers the whole of the basal area and 
extends along the inner margin as in the forewing, leaving the ground 
colour visible only on the area in and around the apex. The sub- 
marginal lunules (?) are conspicuously light on all the wings, which 
would point to the insect figured being a female. The underside of 
the forewings are yellowish-green at the apex and along the hind 
margin, orange fulvous on the disc and at the base, with very few and 
slight black markings costally. On the underside of the hindwings 
there is a general smoky or dusky suffusion over the green, red, and 
yellow markings, giving a smudged or worn appearance. 
In 1822 Illiger, “Sys. Verz. Schm. Wien.,” vol. ii, p. 234 
(practically a new and enlarged edition of Schiff. «« Verz.’’), re-described 
pales as follows :—“ Alis subdentatis fulvis basi maculisque nigris, 
posticis subtus brunneis flavo argentoque variis.” He said that it is 
also found in Lower Saxony and near Giessen. He asked why 
has Fabricius removed this species so far from P. selene, which it so 
much resembles? And why has he placed it with dia and daphne of 
quite another family ? 
Illiger gave arsilache as a svnonym. 
[Fabricius in 1798, ‘‘ Hnt. Sys. emend. auct.,”’ vol. iii., p. 257, put 
pales between pandora and daphne, and three species removed from dia, 
all of which are in his Papilio satyrt group, while setene and ewphrosyne 
are far removed in the Papilio nymphalis group, between which two 
groups lie the Heliconti, Parnassii, and Danai groups]. 
In 1822, Godart in vol. ii., ‘‘ Hist. Nat. Lep. F'r.,” p. 68, gave a 
description of pales, including a full and admirable summary of the 
underside of the hindwing markings. ‘ Ferruginous red, transverse 
row of four spots, two middle yellowish, outside ones white somewhat 
shining, not far from this row a solitary white point enveloped by a 
yellow band, angular and transverse, on the innerside of which two or 
three spots are silvery-white. Immediately after this band are two 
other white spots, one placed transversely against the anterior border, 
the other on the yellow area near the anal angle. Then there is a row 
of six eye spots, the fourth from above covered by a yellow blotch 
