162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
in the red coloration for many specimens, the forewings underside are 
spotted like the upperside. 
Tengstrém in 1847, Bid. Tin. Fj.-Fn. (fér. Vet. Soc.), included 
pales, but I have failed to see a copy of this periodieal. 
In 1852 Lederer, Ver. z.-b. Ver. Wien., vol. .i1., p. 22, in Versuch. 
eur. Lep., gave pales, var. isis (H., 38, 39), var. napaea (Hb., 563, 564), 
and palamelas, Bugn., as synonyms. 
He gave arsilache as a species, and put var. caucasica, Bisch. (in. 
lit.), as synonymous with arstlache, H.8., 259-262. 
In the notes to this list, on p. 41, he stated as follows :— 
“ Tsis, Hb., 563-64, and napaea, Hb., 757-58, are varieties, as they 
occur not uncommonly on the high Alps, and they have also been 
labelled palamelas ; Mann also considered isis, Hb., 38-39, as a variety, 
since it differed from the usual form of pales only by the greenish- 
yellow underside. 
“HS. put Hb. 563-64 to arsilache; Heydenreich put them to isis, 
and 757-8 quite erroneously to arsilache. H.S. later called 563-54 pales.” 
In 1855, Staudinger in the Stett. ent. Zeit., wrote an article on the 
Fauna of Upper Carinthia. He said that pales was very common, from 
the darkest green isis to the palest yellow, with many aberrations, 
including one quite black on the upperside. The end of July was the 
chief time of flight. Larve were found on Arabis and the brown- 
yellow pupz under stones. He said that there is no description or 
fioure of pales larva proper, since the description in Treitschke, vol. x., 
belonged to a species unknown to Hubner. Staudinger then described 
the larve of pales, p. 378, and compared it with a painting of arsilache 
larva by Grabow, and said that there was no distinction and that 
Treitschke’s description in vol. x. agreed with both. He then went on 
to say that arsilache is only a lowland local variety of pales. The only 
specific distinction which is given is locality. 
In 1856, Sys. Bearb. Schm. Eur., vol. vi., p. 5, Herrich-Schaffer 
referred to a number of arsilache taken in Asia Minor by M. Wagner ; 
like the German specimens they were brown-red above, with finer black 
markings, the marginal line very fine, and a still finer, obsolescent line 
parallel with it. The fringes of the males were not lighter than the 
ground, the spots of the middle row touch on the slightly black veins 
and were not so developed as usual, and especially as usual in pales. 
Below, the forewings were in all specimens strongly black spotted. 
In 1858 Freyer, Neu. Beitr. Schm., vol. vi., p. 115, pl. 666, discussed 
B. pales and figured a male with a larva and pupa on Soldanella. He 
first stated that his previous figure of the larva, Beitr. Ges. Hur. Schm., 
vol. iii., pl. 121, which he had figured on Hiibner’s authority, was not 
that of B. pales but of B. euphrosyne. Freyer then describes the larve 
of B. pales, which he found on the Schlucken Alp feeding on Viola 
montana and Soldanella, in July, 1855. Apparently he bred the 
imagines from these larve, as he described the pupa and stated that 
the butterfly is from 12 to 14 days in the pupal stage. After stating 
that from his many years experience it only flies at a height of 5,000 
to 7,000 feet on the Alps, he insists, contrary to the older writers, that 
arsilache is distinct. ‘“ B. pales is distinctly smaller, its wings are 
more pointed, the round black spots are much smaller, and on the 
upper-wings on the underside not so clearly marked, the black spots 
have almost vanished which is not the case in arsilache.” The figures 
on the plate are quite good. 
