BRENTHIS PALES, ITS HISTORY AND ITS NAMED FORMS. 163 
Werneburg, Stett. ¢. Zeit., p. 49 (1859), said of Thunberg’s, Dis. ins. 
suec. (see p. 84 ante), “ Pap. pales, p. 48=pales, W.V. 
Var. a=isis, H., Becklin cites Fab., Mant., il., p. 638, and says, 
“dessen Beschreibung sei ganz treffend; dort wird aber die var. ists 
genau beschrieben.”’ 
Var. 8=arsilache, Esp., “ Becklin beschreibt sie deutlich und sagt, 
sie komme an sumpfigen Orten vor.” 
Var. y=pales, W.V., Zett., p. 897, H.S., vol. iy p. 48, “des Index 
citirt Thunberg bei pales, ohne weitere Hrérterung.” 
In 1859 Heineman, Schmett. Deutsch., vol. i., p. 54, said that pales 
is, as a rule, smaller than arstlache, which he treated with reserve as & 
separate species. Pales has more pointed apex to forewings, and at 
vein 4 is somewhat angulated in the hindwing margin in the male. 
The ground colour is decidedly paler as also the black markings, which 
on the underside are obsolescent. He particularly refers to the 
antenne of pales as being long, reaching almost as far as the black 
costal spot beyond the cross vein of the cell. He says of var. ists that 
it is larger, with spots reduced to punetures for the most part. It 
occurs at 7-8,000 feet. 
Arsilache be says is larger and brighter than pales, its black 
markings are much stronger and sharply defined on the under surface. 
The hindwing is uniformly round, with no or hardly any indication of 
angulation at vein 4. The antennae, he says, do not reach beyond the 
cross vein. It occurs at 2,200 to 8,400 feet. 
Staudinger in 1861, Stett. ent. Zeit., p. 347, in an article on a — 
journey to Finland, again referred to arsilache, and said that it is the 
form which occurs in marshy areas both on the low land and high 
land, pales occurring only in Alpine meadows. In the north both 
forms occur at the same level and same locality. Pales always on 
drier grassy places, arsilache on swampy areas, both together on inter- 
“mediate ground, but never on the centre of each other’s area. Arsilache 
began flying before pales emerged, mid-June and end of June 
respectively. The northern form is more intensely marked beneath 
and much darker above, but is very near arstlache. He named it 
lapponica. 
In his Sys. Verz., of 1861, Herrich-Schaffer still held that pales 
and arsilache are two distinct species, but he did not list any varieties. 
In 1861 Staudinger, in his Cat. Lep. Hur., ed. 1., p. 9, gave one 
species only, viz., pales with arsilache (Ksp.), as a synonym, and the ‘abs. 
(1) isis, Hb. and Dup.; (2) napaea, 9, Hb., and vars. (8) ? arsilache, 
Hsp., Hb., Tr., Frr. (napaea, Dup., proper spec. ?); (4) caucasica 
(arsilache, H.8., 259-62) ; and (5) lapponica,” to which he gives no 
reference. He considered Hiib. Gey. pales, 964, to be napaea. 
In 1862 Kirby, in his small Man. Hur. Butt., p. 80, accepted pales 
only as a species, but in the appendix added var. arsilache to pales on 
the authority of Herrich-Schaffer. (?) 
In 1867 was published Snellen’s Vlinders. Neder., where on p. 28 of 
vol. i., a footnote on pales occurs in which the author stated that 
arsilache, a variety of pales, has been recorded, but he much doubted 
the report, considering that it was probably a form of dia, a species 
which had occurred in Holland. 
In 1867-8 Baron Nolcken, in Lep. F'n. Hst. Liv. Kur., p. 66, stated 
that pales var. arsilache occurs in many marshy grounds and peat moors, 
