THE BRITISH RACES OF BUTTERFLIES. 165 
Sup., var. bb. pales y. lapponica, Staud., ‘St. e. Z.,” 347 (1861). 
In 1871 Staudinger Cat. Lep. Eur. Fn., Ed. ii., p. 20, gave only 
one species, pales, putting arsilache, Esp. (56-4), and isis, Dup., 1., 48, 
7 and 8, as synonyms. 
He gave the following varieties with a short diagnoses of each :— 
1, isis, Hb. “major, g subtus sulphur, 2 sup. obscurior,”’ with 
the comment “‘ vix nom. conserv.” 
2. napaea § , Hb. (pales, H.G., 964) 2 ‘‘ supra virescens.”’ 
3. lapponica, Ster., “ transitus ad seq.” 
4. arsilache, Esp. (56, 5), “al. ant. subt. nigro-maculatis,” (napaea, 
Dup., i., 48, 5-6), and (pales, Och., i., 163 in parte). 
5. caucasica, Stg. (arsilache, H.S., vi., 5, 259-62), “ g satur. fulvus, 
subt. pallidior.” 
6. yraeca, Stg., ‘ subt. pallidior, ciliis albo-nigroque variis.” 
In the Pro. Zool. Soc. (1874), p. 568, Moore described a form allied 
to pales as sipora, and figured it on plt. Ixvi., fig. 11. It is from the 
figure evidently a well marked local race of pales in shape and mark- 
ings. The colour of the marginal half-discs on underside of hindwings 
is clear green, and the wide transverse band across disc is of the same 
strong colour, and a basal blotch of the same colour. The transverse 
band is edged with pure white on the inner side. The rest is coloured 
brown and yellow in varying shades. 
Frey Lep. Schw., p. 82 (1880), said pales varied quite extraordinarily 
in size, shape, colour, and black marking, even if one avoided looking 
at the underside of the hindwing. 
“ Starting with the high alpine examples (8-9,000 feet), we have a 
small, acute angled, bright brown (uniform in the two sexes), finely 
marked butterfly. 
«“ Lower down, at a height of 7,000 feet and less, pales becomes 
larger, usually with more obtusely angled wings. Here the mono- 
morphism stops. Hiibner gives the female form the very unsuitable 
name var. isis, a recognition which my view does not endorse. When 
the female is much darkened it constitutes a dimorphism. This is 
designated by Hubner napaea. 
“A quantity of aberrations are now attached to this remarkable 
species. High sterile places on the Albula Pass afforded me many. 
‘‘ A further aberration has occurred in wet situations, with not 
inconsiderable high-up lakes (e.g., Stiitzer See, St. Moritz), known as 
var. arsilache. It occurs only very locally in our faunistic area. 
‘“The specimens from the peat-moor at Hinsiedeln, where it is 
common, are small, fairly strongly black marked, coming very near 
Norwegian specimens in my collection; in size and generalsappearance 
those from the upper Harz are very similar.” 
(Lo be continued.) 
The British Races of Butterflies: their relationships and nomen- 
clature. 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 
(Continued from p. 133.) 
Satyrus semele, L., and semele race scota, Verity, Bulletin de 
la Société Entomologique de France, 1911, p. 818, pl.i., fig. 10 (forma 
bipicta, mihi). 
