THE BRITISH RACES OF BUTTERFLIES. 167 
are less scalloped, the brown pattern is much more developed, so much 
so as to very often leave uncovered but very small areas of the ground 
colour, and to entirely cover the area between the ocellus of the fore- 
wing and the outer margin, which in the nymotypical form is fulvous, 
with only a streak just before the margin; the fulvous spaces are of a 
duller, more yellowish colour; the ocelli are smaller, the underside of 
the hindwings, too, is much less brightly coloured. 
The difference between the two forms is so striking that very 
soon after Linnaeus’s times it had been noticed by Esper. Unfortu- 
nately his choice, between the two, of the nymotypical one was not, 
however, made strictly according to modern rules, and he redescribed the 
extreme southern form under the name meone, figuring it very distinctly 
(I have named the slightly modified Sardinian race sardoa). The name 
egerides, Stder., should in consequence be used to designate the group 
of races which answer to the description given above, and which prob- 
ably constitute a sub-species, as compared to the nymotypical one. 
Frihstorfer, in the Internal. Hntom. Zeitshr., Guben, 1908, considers the 
form commonly distributed in Germany and Switzerland as nymo- 
typical of egerides, and separates from it the local races camoena from 
southern Tyrol and egestas from Dalmatia, in both of which the ground 
colour is reduced in extent and less bright; in intermedia, Weism., the 
spots are described as being partly whitish-yellow, shaded with fulvous 
along their outline, the types being from Genoa; I can furthermore 
add that in Italy a form of eyerides, considerably different from the 
form just mentioned, is generally distributed, and may be described as 
approaching the Linnean sub-species by the bright reddish tone of the 
ground colour, which also extends more, especially in the female, than 
in any other egerides ; the underside, too, is brighter, being more mixed 
with greenish and purplish. I would name it italica, selecting the 
race of the neighbourhood of Florence as the typical one. 
In direct contrast to this stands egerides from Britain; the extent 
of the brown pattern is about the same as in the German egerides or, 
if anything greater, often giving a very dark look to this form; but 
what is very distinctive and characteristic is the extremely pale yellow- 
ish-white ground colour, generally quite green, sometimes slightly 
mixed with fulvous, but rarely as much as in intermedia, Weism. Tutt 
has named this form pallida, and the name may well be extended to 
the whole British race, the extreme forms occurring chiefly in Ireland, 
where specimens with a perfectly white ground colour are sometimes 
met with. I obtained some in Italy from Irish chrysalids sent over 
alive. 
I have endeavoured to describe the Satyri and Mrebiae in the 
earlier paragraphs in as rational a way as possible, using the term 
‘“‘band-like spaces”? instead of the usual term “band,” which might 
seem to imply that the rust-colour, or fulvous, was derived from a pat- 
tern and was not simply the remnant of the ground colour, which has 
invaded nearly the whole wing; a good illustration of the progressive 
development of the Hrebia-like type of markings may be found in the 
variations of Pararge maera, L., from the female of its adrasta variety, 
which is very similar to the same sexes of megaera, up to the nymo- 
typical form or to the usual male form, in both of which the whole 
wing has been covered over by brown scaling, except the space about 
the ocelli, which has remained fulvous. 
