THE BRITISH RACES OF BUTTERFLIES. 169 
male, and the presence or absence of a very limited fulvous patch on 
the forewing, distantly pointing to hispulla, are about the only 
characters met with in the British Islands which are connected with 
racial variation. Another curious character of this species, which no 
other species exhibits to such a degree, is the frequency of ill-developed 
individuals with irregular white patches on the wings, or with areas 
upon which the scales are atrophied. 
I do not know whether the following forms have been met with in 
the British Islands. 
g ab. anommata, Verity: A male with no trace of apical ocellus 
on either the upper- or the underside. 
? ab. pauper, nom. noy.: A very distinct female form, which 
occurs occasionally in the janira and the hispulla race, but which I find 
a difficulty in describing by words. All the angles of the wings are 
more acuminate, the outer margin is straighter in the forewings and 
more deeply scalloped in the hind ones; the apical ocellus is excessively 
small and there remains no trace of the little black spot which is just 
under it, below the second medial nervule, in normal specimens ; the 
fulvous patch is very much reduced in extent (the marginal brown band 
being very broad), and, in extreme examples, broken up into separate 
_ inter-nervular patches; the hindwings exhibit no trace of fulvous. 
This form is all the more striking that it occurs singly amongst the 
usual forms ; intermediate specimens are very scarce, so that it seems 
to be due to a sudden break of balance in the usual regulating power, 
in short, a true aberration, not an extreme varietal form. I possess a 
specimen of it from the Valais (probably Martigny), which is, moreover, 
excessively small ; the others, collected near Florence amongst hispulla, 
are but slightly lesser in size than the latter. 
@ forms nuragiformis, nom. noy., and tithoniformis, nom. 
nov.: These constitute the lowest degree of development of the brown 
pattern and may be considered as the extreme forms of the usual 
individual variation. In the first, the diffused area of fulvous scales, 
which exists in most specimens on the forewing between the band-like 
space and the cell, extends over the greater part of the wing, the brown 
colouring being restricted to the costa and the hind margin ; the hind- 
wings exhibit a fulvous space similar to that of hispulla, but usually 
absent in the janira race. These individuals, in consequence, acquire 
the appearance of the more usual nurag, Ghil., female. They occur in 
the janira race, and I choose an example from Intra on the Lago 
Maggiore (N. Italy), as my type. ‘The second is the corresponding 
form in hispulla, and probably also in the nymo-typical African jurtina, 
which, in consequence of the much greater average development of the 
fulvous areas in these regions, reaches a still higher degree, both on 
the fore- and hindwings. This, together with the large size of the 
apical ocellus, confers on this form on the upperside the look of a 
tithonus, L. specimen, much more than of a jurtina. My type was 
collected at Ogliastro in Sardinia on the 20th of July, 1904; other 
specimens from Corsica and Africa come very near it. 
Pyronia tithonus race britanniae, Verity, Budletino della 
Societa Hntomologica Italiana, xlv., p. 220, pl. i., figs. 21, 22, 23 (1914). 
We are indebted to Muschamp for the satisfactory scientific descrip- 
tion of the generic characters of the species which had to the present 
