THE BRITISH RACES OF BUTTERFLIES. 1738 
North of Europe and includes the true Linnean pamphilus in the 
strictest sense of the term, the other inhabits the South and most of 
Central Hurope, blending with the former in its northern parts, and 
producing southwardly specimens which very distinctly remind one of 
lyllus by the direction of their variation, although I have never seen 
specimens which could actually be referred to it, so that blending of 
the two sub-species cannot be talked of in this case. 
The British pamphilus, and more especially the race from the north 
coast of Scotland, which I have described as scota, certainly constitutes 
a very distinet race as compared with those of Central and Southern 
Europe. The specimen left to us by Linnaeus, undoubtedly Scandi- 
navian in origin, is a near ally of it, but I have not got it sufficiently 
clearly in mind to say whether it is identical with the more usual Knglish 
forms; this point will have to be settled on another occasion: anyhow 
the extreme British form scota is certainly different from it on account 
of the excessively broad yellowish-white space of the underside, which 
in its fore part extends, both on the forewings and hindwings, as far as 
the ocellus or the ocelli. In British specimens from other localities, 
such as those from Belvedere (Kent) in my collection, this white space 
is not so broad, but it is preceded by a thick black streak on the fore- 
wing, reaching as far back as the second cubital nervule, and by the 
very dark basal half of the hindwing, which contrasts sharply with the 
light grey colouring of the outer half, somewhat as in lyllides; the out- 
line of the basal dark portion very often exhibits a decidedly chestnut 
tinge, and so do the rings round the ocelli; all these characters con- 
tribute to confer a very variegated appearance to the wing ; the fringes 
are very long and of a dirty white colour, so that they are very con- 
Spicuous ; finally, the difference between the first brood and the follow- 
ing ones, when more than one occur, is trifling as compared to that of 
the next group of races I am about to describe. 
I have suggested using the name australis [Bulletin of the Italian 
Fintom. Soc., xlv., p. 227, pl. i., figs. 38 and 39 (1914)] to designate the 
group of pamphilus races which are widely distributed over the whole 
of Kurope, excepting the regions inhabited by the true northern ones or 
by Jyllus as already stated. The spring brood of this group, for which 
my Name is meant in its strictest meaning, can be described as follows: 
—The fulvous colouring of the upperside, and especially of the under- 
side of the forewings, is deeper and brighter than in the Linnean race; 
the black marginal band is narrow and sharply outlined; the fringes 
shorter and darker; on the underside the white band-like space is 
absent on the anterior wings or is represented only by a vestige near 
the costa; the hindwings are entirely of a uniform colour from the base 
to the outer margin of the wing and have a velvety appearance; they 
are light grey in colour with a slight greenish tinge, sometimes 
approaching blue, sometimes yellow; the ocelli, when they exist, and 
the light rings which surround them, are indistinct and so is the undu- 
lated premarginal streak; the white space is very limited in extent and 
only its costal forepart exists; it is diffused and of a dirty white or 
yellowish colour. In the early spring and in late autumn specimens 
are met with in which the underside is very dark, decidedly blackish, 
with a conspicuous blue tinge towards the base and the hind margins, 
and with no trace of the white median space in extreme examples ; I 
have called this form murina. 
