~ 
GYNANDROMORPHISM IN A MONGREL BROOD OF LYMANTRIA. 671, 
male colouring, the male being of a very dark almost uniform colour. 
In experimental mongrelisation Goldschmidt discovered that a certain 
-combination resulted in a series of gynandromorphous females. Simi- 
larly by another combination Schweitzer obtained a series of gynandro- 
morphous males. I had a number of ova of the combination that had 
-gsucceeded so well with Schweitzer, but they gave me nothing but 
normal males. It is, of course, possible that the mongrel females 
had already been coupled to males in their own breeding cage before 
they were separated and put in with the males that were destined to 
become their lawfully wedded lords. The ova that gave my gynandro- 
morphous males were, as I have said, a one in four chance, and I was 
lucky. The whole thing is mathematically worked out by Schweitzer 
in the Ziirich Transactions, and makes most interesting reading, though 
it has the distinct disadvantage for Englishmen of being written in 
German. 
In conclusion, I would say that judging from the few gynandro- 
morphous butterflies and notes I possess, I am almost inclined to 
believe that there are two distinct expressions of this phenomenon. 
1st.—Insects that might. perhaps be almost correctly termed her- 
maphrodites, having the exterior and interior genitalia of both sexes 
more or less developed. These in their turn may be divided into 
sub-classes, those in which only the sexual organs partake of the 
characteristics of two sexes and those in which the wings, antenne, 
-ete., are similarly affected. In the first sub-class I have before me 
the lycaon, of which I have spoken ; of the second sub-class I have a 
Malacosoma alpicola, with male secondary sexual organs, a full allow- 
ance of ova, wings, antenne, thorax, and abdomen on the one side 
male, on the other side female: Lycaena arion, with crippled genitalia 
(abdomen I have not explored), and two wings to the left male, to the 
right female, abdomen crippled female; Lycaena icarus, with a similar 
arrangement to that of M. alpicola. 
2nd.—Insects having genitalia of one sex, but hair and scale 
coloration and (or) form of wing belonging to the two sexes, To 
this class belong by far the greater part, perhaps nearly all, of the 
dispar mongrels in question. I have also before me a Lastocampa 
-querctis female having the colour of a male, but whose genitalia are 
perfectly developed ; and here, too, I believe, should fit in, in a rather 
lower degree of gynandromorphism, all those butterflies and moths 
whose coloration approaches in any degree that of the other sex, as 
for example Lycznid females that are beginning to adopt male colour- 
ing even when this becomes the general rule (cf. meleayer female and 
the form steeveni, which latter I take to be the older and really female 
form). . 
I should like to provoke a reply from one of our authorities as to 
what we should really understand by the word gynandromorphous. 
In my French encyclopedic dictionary (Larousse) I find the defini- 
tion: “ An hermaphrodite having the sexual characteristics of the 
‘male more developed than those of the female.” Is there any 
historical basis for this ? 
