MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS '. LEPIDOPTERA. 69 



aer/on, L. arf/ns, L. icphi/rus, L. orlon, L. baton, L. astrarche, L. anteros, 

 L. eroides (considered by Mr. Elwes to be a distinct species). We took 

 a good many specimens of both sexes, in various parts of the Ehodope, 

 but never saw any eros — nor had Haberhauer ever taken it in the 

 Balkans), L. amandus, L. escheri, L. bellair/us, L. incleayer, L. cuhnetu^, 

 L.cumcdon (and YSbV.fi/lgia), L. sebras, L. scmiarr/as (and var.^^rt/vw.s.s^.s), 

 L. minimus, L. cyllarus, L. iolas, L. avion, L. alcon, Neineobius Incina, 

 Limenitis populi, L. sibylla, L. Camilla, Apatura iris, A. ilia var. chjtie, 

 Neptis Incilla, Vanessa er/ea, V. c-albiiui, V, pohjchloros, Y. urticac, V. io, 

 V. atalanta, V. cardni, Melitaea ci/nthia, 31. aurinia, M. cin.via, 21. 

 plioebc, 21. triria (and var. nana), 21. athalia, 21. aurelia, 21. dictynna, 

 Arfiynnis selene, A. paphia, A. imndora, A. arjlaia, A. adippe (and var. 

 cleodo.va), A. niobe var. eris, A. lathonia, A. euplirosyne, A. Jtecate, A. pales 

 (and YSkV. yraeca), A. dia, A. ino, A. daphne, 21elanaryia yalathea, 21. 

 larissa, Erebia epiphron, E. oeme, E. medusa (and var. eumenis), E. 

 lappona, E. tyndarus var. balcanica, E. yorgone var. rhodopensis, E. 

 aethiops, E. liyca,E. euryale, Satyrus pliaedra, Pararye viaera, P. Idera, 

 P. eyeria, P. meyaera, Enodia hyperanthus, Epdnephele lycaon, E. ianira, 

 E. tithonus, Coenonympha leander, C. iphis, C. arcania, C. dacus 

 (interesting var.), C. pamphilus, Sjnlothyrus alceae, S. lavaterae, Syrich- 

 thus sidae, S. carthami, S. alreus, S. serratulae, S. cacaliae, S. malcae, 

 S. orbifcr, S. sao, Nisoniades tayes, Carteroccphalus palaemon. 



We should certainly have added considerably to this list had we 

 been able to remain in Bulgaria for three weeks longer. 



Migration and Dispersal of Insects : Lepidoptera. 



By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. 



The normal habit of butterflies is to fly by day, yet everyone who 



follows our current literature is aware that examples are occasionally 



captured by night, usually attracted by light. Thus Studd notes having 



captured Pyramcis atalanta, September 19th, 1893, and September 23rd, 



1897, P. cardui, August 1st, 1894, Zcphyrus qucrcus, August 26th, 1897, 

 and Polyommatus astrarche, July 21st, 1899, in his light-trap at Oxton, 

 whilst Harker observes that Aylais uvticae flew into a room about 10 p.m. 

 July 6th, 1895, at Harrow. Scudder states (Psyclw, vol. viii., p. 396) 

 on the authority of a boy of Topeka, Kansas, that, in the autumn of 



1898, Anosia archippus was observed almost every night, and, on. one 

 occasion, the lad had taken Amblyscirtes vialis flying around a light. 

 These and similar facts, therefore, open up the question as to whether 

 butterflies can, and do, migrate by night, and lend considerable interest 

 to the following, for which Scudder is primarily responsible. 



This author relates that, when spending a summer on the island of 

 Nantucket, the under-keeper of the powerful flash-light at Sankaby 

 Head, brought him a box full of "moths," which had been fluttering 

 about his lantern in great swarms the previous night. On opening it, 

 he discovered about a dozen living specimens, not of a moth, but of 

 Phiyonia j -album, an insect closely resembling our British E. polycJdoros. 

 Hundreds of these had flown into the lantern and given the keeper 

 considerable trouble. That they were moving from one place to 

 another at the time would appear certain because the butterfly had 

 never before, nor has it ever since, been found upon the island of 

 Nantucket. A similar occurrence is quoted by Scudder on the authority 



