170 THE entomologist's record. 



altered, the spiracle is slightly higher again, dorsal tubercles i and ii 

 in about the same position, iii directly above and v directly below the 

 spiracle, iv is slightly beneath and slightly posterior to the spiracle, iii, 

 ivand v areall close to the spiracle, whilst there is no special tubercle on 

 this segment. On the 8th abdominal segment the spiracle is rather 

 higher up towards the dorsal margin, i and ii are not clearly defined, 

 iii is directly above, and v directly beneath, iv also is beneath the 

 spiracle and above v. but slightly posterior to them ; the special 

 tubercle is right up on the dorsal area, a long way from the spiracle 

 and posterior to it. The 9th abdominal segment is a mere slip 

 between 8 and 10, and might be readily passed over as a subsegment 

 of either. The 10th abdominal is made up almost entirely of the 

 anus, anal flap, and anal claspers. 



From the above it will be seen that the special tubercles are 

 situated only upon the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, .5th, and 8th abdominal 

 segments. The tubercles and hairs on the prothoracic segment are in 

 a double row or band transverse to the length of the larva. On the 

 meso- and metathorax the dorsal tubercles approximate to a single 

 transverse line. On the abdominal segments 1-5, the dorsal tubercles 

 are in trapezoidal or oblong position, i right in front, ii right at the 

 back, of the segment, the latter not further from the central line 

 than the former ; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments are lengthened, 

 as is usually the case in looping larva?. 



The special tubercles are tall, cone-shaped, fleshy-looking pro- 

 cesses, bearing a stout conical spike or spine with a spreading base. 

 The sides of the fleshy cone are covered with horny-looking hooks, 

 which are probably a development of the horny studs with which the 

 skin is sprinkled. 



Generally speaking, the larva of P. snuirafidaria has specially 

 developed processes or tubercles on either side of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 

 5th and 8th abdominal segments. The spiracles are not similarly 

 placed on all the segments, that on the 1st abdominal being about mid- 

 way between the ventral and dorsal areas, those on the 2, 3 and 4 seg- 

 ments being higher up on the subdorsal area, that on the 5th is lower, 

 though still higher than that on the 1st, that of the 6th is central, 

 and on the 7th and 8th segments the spiracles are again higher. 

 The skin of the larva is exceedingly rough and shagreened in appear- 

 ance under the microscope, being seemingly studded with little horny 

 plates. 



There can be no doubt but that the special tubercles or processes, 

 are intimately connected with the coat. The segments which bear the 

 tufts of fragments, are always those which have the special tubercles, 

 and when the coat has not been removed the special tubercles are never 

 visible, although the spiracles are frequently so. I have drawn a larva 

 at the hybernating stage, with and without the coat. A merely super- 

 ficial glance will convince anybody that the fragments are, as Mr. 

 Bacot points out, connected with the special tubercles. The only 

 places where this will not hold good are on the metathorax, the bottom 

 of the 0th and 7th abdominal segments, and the upper extremity of the 

 10th. Here I have fancied that there is also a special formation, 

 differing in design from Mr. Bacot's special tubercle, but evidently 

 serving the same purpose (figs. 4/>, 5b). The rough fragments of silk are 

 to be clearly seen entangled in the hooks of the special tubercles, after 

 he goal; is removed. 



