224 



THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 



ou the former there arc bhick spots, some of them forming an obhqiie 

 black row across the wing, a series of black marginal spots, and no 

 darkened nervures, and, Avhen the imago is about to emerge, so that 

 its markings show through the transparent pupal wing, it is seen 

 that its nervures run between the l)lack marginal spots on the pupal 

 wing, Avhich in no way correspond with the broadening out of the 

 marginal terminations of the dark nervures on the imaginal wings. 

 'I'here is great variety in the black markings on the pupal wing ; in 

 some they are few and small, in others they expand and unite so that 

 more than half the Aving is black. The ground colour of the pupa 

 varies from bright greenish-yellow to whitish-grey. As might be 

 expected of an insect whose larva pupates by preference on stems 

 screened by foliage, its colour is not very greatly affected by its sur- 

 roundings. On comparing some which had had yellow or orange 

 surroundings with others wliicli had had dark ones, it was shown that 

 the former tended to yellow ground colour, and tlie latter to grey, 

 having also an increase of the dark spots with which the thorax and 

 abdomen arc thickly strewn. Mr. Merrifield also exhibited some 

 enlarged coloured photographs of the green and dark forms of Papilio 

 niacJtao)i, obtained by causing the larva; to pupate on green, yellow or 

 orange surfaces, and on dark ones respectively. In answer to Mr. 

 Jacoby he stated that though, when the pupa first appeared, it \vas 

 always of the green form, it had also, if it was going to be a dark one, 

 from the moment of its appearance a very few minute subdorsal and 

 sublateral dark spots, and a little darkening of the anal end. The 

 darkening began to spread in an hour or two, and at an ordinary 

 temperature was complete in much less than 24 hours. Whether the 

 pupa was to be green or dark was determined by the surroundings to 

 , W'hich it had been exposed Ijefore it had cast off' the larval skin, and if 

 it Avas going to be a dark one, the dark colouring came on exactly the 

 same in complete darkness as in light. 



On June 28th the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union had a delightful 

 outing in the Colne, Holme and Meltham valleys. That this was 

 .largely due to the excellent arrangements carried out under the mature 

 guidance of the exceedingly popular President, O. T. Porritt, F.L.S., 

 >F.E.l5., goes without saying. A large number of well known 

 'naturalists were present — the Pvev. W. W. FoAvler, Dr. H. Corbett, 

 Messrs. W. Tunstall, S. L. Mosley, W. Denison Roebuck, J. H. 

 EoAvntree, representing among others the entomological section. 

 Associate members Avere present from all parts of the county, as Avell 

 as from the adjacent counties, and after the various outings, a return 

 Avas made to Crosland Hall, the residence of the President, Avhere the 

 members Avere most hospitably entertained by Mr. and 'Mvs. Porritt 

 and their family. The satisfaction of the party Avas complete, and as 

 the Rev. W. W. FoAvler remarked Avhen proposing a vote of thanks to 

 the President and to Mrs. Porritt for their hospitality, " CA'erything 

 had contrbutcd to their enjoyment, and they Avere all delighted." To 

 southerners the virility of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union is a matter 

 'for Avoiader, but there can be no doubt that such sturdy Yorkshiremen 

 as Mr. Porritt have largely contributed to this end. 



Dr. Corbett records (Nat., p. 222) the simultaneous appearance of the 

 co-migrants Fijraweis cardiii and Plusia qainma at Doncaster, on Juno 

 J 7th, 1900. 



