STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACES OF ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. 113 



and which in most cases was applied to what should have 

 been named major or oehsenheimeri. Staudinger probably used this 

 last name for the forms more similar to subspecies filipendtdae, namely 

 for those I have now named pulcherrhnaeformis, calabra, and siciliensis, 

 and he used the name ditbia for the forms with a broader marginal 

 band to hind wing. This view would not be sustainable, because 

 Ochsenheimer clearly describes this band as " sinuate " and also 

 because the broad habitat of " Italy and Southern France " he gives 

 makes it highly improbable he should have meant to describe the 

 comparatively rare pulcherrimaefonms, or the local calabra and 

 siciliensis. I quite agree with Oberthur in referring the name broadly 

 to all the races of stoechadis, which are constantly or nearly constantly 

 six-spotted in the male, as well as in the female, and which have the 

 hindwings entirely red, with a narrow marginal band as in Seitz's 

 figure, but more sinuate than in his male. The distribution of these 

 races corresponds to the region mentioned by Ochsenheimer, plus the 

 Balkans and Asia Minor. Now I have separated the Sicilian race, one 

 can add to the description of the remaining oehsenheimeri that in the 

 male sex the red suffusion of the underside of forewings is distinctly 

 less extensive than in filipendulae, being reduced to a narrow central 

 streak, which unites the spots, and furthermore that the marginal 

 streak of the hindwing on both surfaces is broadened into a narrow, 

 but distinct band with a more or less sharply defined and sinuate 

 inner outline ; in Seitz's figure of female it is much too broad. I 

 have already mentioned that the race of the south of France will 

 probably be separated under the name of major, Esp. This leaves 

 continental and peninsular Italy to oefhtenheimeri proper. On' com- 

 paring the specimens I have collected in the hot valleys of South 

 Tyrol, of the Adige and the Isarco, with my series from Latium and 

 Central Italy generally, I notice in most specimens a distinct difference 

 in the tone of the red scaling : the former have a slight tinge of 

 yellow in it which make it more similar to that of pulcherrima and 

 thus more brilliant, the latter are of a colder, more saturated and 

 duller red. I believe this difference must have been noticed by 

 Staudinger and that is why in his Catalog, hep. Pal. Faun., 1901, p. 

 384, he distinguishes a " var. campaniae (Stdgr. i. 1.)," describing it 

 as " intensius picta." The specimen sold by Bang-Haas under this 

 name and figured by Seitz, with no description, but which is too dark 

 to be from the Campania, and the entirely opposite description given 

 by Dziurzynski in his Pal. Arten der Gatt. Zyijaena (Bed. Pint. Zeit. f 

 1908), which suits the oehsenheimeri of the Campania much better, 

 show that none of them had made out what Staudinger meant. If 

 this be accepted as a distinct race, the name oehsenheimeri would be 

 limited to that of the Southern Alps. As this character is so subtle 

 and not constant I leave the question open. Calberla {Iris, viii., p. 

 218, 1895) describes under the name of judicariae a form with the 

 red spots surrounded by white rings found in South Tyrol, north of 

 the lake of Idro. This would seem a very distinct local race, for in no 

 locality have I ever seen a tendency to produce this form, but here too 

 -I must leave the question open. A race, I think on the contrary 

 should be distinguished, is described in the following paragraph. 

 Other local variations, besides the transitions to calabra, consist in 

 gradual transitions to race etrusca (see below), whish begin by the 



