146 the entomologist's record. 



much broader and it is also accompanied by dark markings inside the 

 cell. The latter make their first appearance as a black spot at the 

 outer end of the anterior half of the cell, in front of the median 

 nervure which divides it in two. A second similar spot then occurs at 

 the back of this nervure ; they next blend together and take the form 

 of a little transverse band crossing the cell as far as the cubital 

 nervure and leaving a red space or spot at the end of cell, between it 

 and the marginal band, homologous to spot N. 5 of forewing. Very 

 often the little band just described stops short of reaching the cubital 

 nervure and leaves a thin red streak on this nervure, connecting spot 

 5 to the base of wing, just like the narrow streak of red suffusion 

 visible on the- underside of forewing of oelisenlieimeri. When the dark 

 markings become more extensive the two black spots or the band of 

 the inside of cell, to all appearances, become very broad and extend as 

 far as the base, rilling up the entire cell. A few rare specimens (such 

 as the male N. 7 and the females N. 101, 102 and 414 of my series of 

 stoechodis in glass mounts) prove instead that here too, as at the back 

 of cell, there is another centre from which the black pattern rises. In 

 these specimens the band is narrow and its internal outline is sharply 

 defined on a small red space, or on two little red spots (one on either 

 side of median nervure) ; beyond these, between them and the base of 

 cell, are to be seen two. streaks of diffused dark scaling. There can be 

 no doubt that this is a perfect reproduction, on a smaller scale, of the 

 band between spot N. 5 and spot N. 3 in the cell of forewing, of spot 

 3 itself (sometimes separated into two in the case of hindwing) and of 

 the band between this and the base of cell. The resemblance between 

 the two pairs of wings is completed most perfectly by tbe fact that 

 also spot N. 6 exists (when the marginal band is narrower in the 

 " atrophied zone"), as a separate spot, with a narrow black band between 

 it and o (males N. 323 and 350 and female N. 413 of my series). I take 

 the two red spots on an entirely dark wing, described by Rocci in his 

 bifjuttata form, to be spots 5 and 6, because specimens answering this 

 description, with two little spots, one above the other, do exist, 

 "whereas I have never seen spots 4 and 5 on a wing with no basal rays ; 

 Such a form would correspond to forms sophiae, Favre, and aemilii, 

 Favre, of Z. ephialtes, L., where spot 4 exists on hindwing, together 

 with 5, on account of some particular cause which also enlarges it 

 very unusually on forewing ; this fact furnishes another proof that 

 they are perfectly homologous on lore and hindwing. [1 said " spot," 

 .but talking of ephialtes, I should have said, "space of spot," for this 

 species stands apart from the remainder of tbe Zygaeua by tbe total 

 or nearly total obliteration of the " secondary pattern " (yellow or red) 

 in the majority of its forms and races, the white ground colour 

 remaining uncovered in all the spaces left by the primary pattern, 

 except the two basal ones of forewing, where the secondary pattern 

 begins to appear.] As to the " two or three " spots in Borkhausen's 

 description of nymotypical stoickadis, I think there can be little doubt 

 that they were spots N. 4, 5 and 6, the partial confluence of tbe two 

 latter probably explaining the " or." 



As regards tbe nomenclature to be adopted for the various grada- 

 tions in the extent of the pattern, I had thought at first of using the 

 existing names, already applied above to the races, because, as a rule, 

 each of these corresponds broadly to a grade, but I soon convinced 



