150 the entomologist's eecokd. 



always further. Grades should be established on the variation of the 

 entire species, beginning by nought when the character is missing. 

 In this case I have made no artificial division in a series of equivalent 

 grades, but I just set down those which were suggested by the extent 

 of variation in the different races and by noticeable individual forms. 

 As I have remarked in the case of the marginal band, the difference 

 between two successive grades is very much smaller at the two ends of 

 the series than midway, but the effect in producing a different aspect 

 of the insect is quite as great. This, I think, will be found to be 

 quite a general rule. 



In the table, I have enclosed between two horizontal lines two 

 grades, which constitute a collateral branch of the main line of varia- 

 tion and which are parallel to the ones immediately following, as 

 shown by the figures of the formulae. If the breadth of the marginal 

 band was to be divided in a larger number of grades about this level, 

 each of these would involve the creation of a similar collateral branch, 

 because each is accompanied very often by the cellular spots and by 

 the rays. Form zonata, Kocci, constitutes a little branch of this sort, 

 which would have stood, had it existed in the races dealt with in the 

 table, just after latelimbata, with the formula: R 2 M L 4 . Form 

 seminigrata, Rocci, with six spots on forewing, I have marked on the 

 table, although no specimen represents it there, to show that it dots 

 exist (nymotypical stoechadin, as described by Borkhausen). Ab. 

 ■parviijuttata, Rocci, I have enclosed in brackets, because it is not in 

 every way the grade which precedes nigrata, Dz., having the red spots 

 of forewing very reduced, as well as the one of hindwing, which is in 

 no way necessarily the case in the latter. At Piteglio it is not as 

 frequent as the figure would show. 



Summary of the French and of the Italian races of 

 subspecies stoechadis, Brkh. (The locality of " types " is marked 

 by inverted commas. The other localities mentioned are those from 

 which 1 possess specimens) : — 



Group of races constantly six-spotted on forewing, with a , broad 

 red suffusion on underside and with very narrow or narrow marginal 

 band on hindwing (tenuissim elimbata to latelimbata), but with no other 

 primary pattern : 



Race liiicrochsenheinieri-pulcherrwia, Vrty. : Basin of Po, locally, 



Race siciliensis, Vrty. : " Mt. Cuccio, m. 800, near Palermo." 



Race calabra, Vrty.: " Altipiano di Carmelia, in. 1200, in the 

 Aspromonte (Calabria).'" 



Race calabra-ochsenheimeri, Vrty. : " S. Fili, m. 9C0, on the 

 Calabrian Coast range." 



Race major, Esp. ; " South of France " ; Montpellier, according to 

 Oberthiir. 



Race ochsenlieimeri, Z.: "Italy" ("and southern France"); Rome; 

 Aurunci Mts. in S. Latium ; valleys of the Adige and the Isarco in S. 

 Tyrol. 



Subrace campaniae, Stdgr, : " Roman Campania." 



Subrace? judicariae, Call). : " S. Tyrol, north of lake of Idro." 



Race intcroclisenheimeri, Vrty.: "Villatina, m. 500, in the Mainarde 

 Mts. in S. Latium " ; Basin of Po, locally (Primaluna, m. 550, in Val 

 Sassina, near lake of Como) ; Gedre, m. 1000, in the Hautes-Pyr6nees. 



