210 'THE KNTOMOLOGlST's IlKCORD. 



the Hope Collection taken in years when it was uncommon such as 

 1847, 1858, 1882, 1894 and 1900, as well as in those taken in 1793 

 and 1872 confirms my view that most of them come from Scandinavia, 



Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera 

 and Rhopalocera. 



By BOGER VEBITY, M.D. 

 {Continued from 'page 193.) 

 Pier-is napi, L., subspecies vulgaris, Vrty., race umoris, mihi. — On 

 comparing a series of napi I collected in the first half of April at Forte 

 dei Marmi, in the marshy meadows which stretch for miles along the 

 sea-shore in Northern Tuscany, with a series collected in various 

 localities of the neighbourhood of Florence, where the soil and climate 

 are comparatively very much more dry, I find a striking difference in 

 their aspect. The Florence race, which is my nymotypical vulgaris, 

 constitutes about the mosfc extremely distinct race I have seen from 

 the nymotypical arctic napi and bryoniae, 0. ; see Linnean Soc. Jo urn. 

 Zool., xxxii., p. 177, and Ent. Rec, xxviii., p. 77. Instead, the race 

 from the marshy and maritime locality mentioned, where all the 

 species of Rhopalocera show signs of the effect of dampness in their 

 features, exhibits characteristics which bring it a step nearer these 

 latter natives of damp and cold climates. It may be said roughly to 

 correspond to the race of Ireland and the north of Scotland, which I 

 have called britannica, although it never produces the yellow and the 

 more heavily marked forms of its extreme females ; the Florence race, 

 on the other hand, corresponds to the English race septejitrionalis, 

 Vrty., minus its northern features, described in the Ent. Rec, I.e. In 

 Rhopalocera Palaearctica, I figured in 1908 on PI. xxxii., a male and a 

 female from the Forte dei Marmi, because they had struck me as 

 being an unusually pale extreme form. It was only lately I realised 

 that, on the contrary, in Florence, that very form, together with 

 slightly darker ones, are found nearly exclusively ; the male form of 

 fig. 3 on the plate just quoted is frequent too, but of the one of fig. 2, 

 with a very large black apical crescent, I have never seen another 

 specimen from that town. At Forte dei Marmi it is quite the 

 reverse : the last form mentioned is frequent and most individuals 

 resemble the Irish male of fig. 4. Females with nervural black streaks 

 as extensive as in the Irish female of fig. 5 are frequent ; as a rule, 

 this sex approaches this form, or else it has finer streaks, but there is 

 a broad apical triangle of the same shape as in the summer brood, 

 such as there never exists in the Florence race ; this is dark gi;ay 

 rather than black, as in the summer. On the underside both sexes 

 show on the forewing a tendency to darkening of the neuration by- 

 black scales much more markedly than in the Florence race, and the 

 " veins " of hindwing are darker and sharper, the ground colour being 

 usually white or very pale yellow, and never of as bright a tinge as is 

 frequently seen in Florence. 



tJpinephele juiiina, L., race praehispulla, mihi. — In 1919, at page 

 124 of the Ent. Her., I applied the name of phormia, Frhst. [Intern. 

 hint. Zeit. Guben., III., p. 117 (Aug. 1909)], to the race which is 

 generally distributed over the whole of Central Italy, except the 



