SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 211 



highest mountain localities ; the race of the latter localities I described 

 as similar to that of Central Europe and called it janira, L. Last 

 year, during my visit to South Tyrol, I carefully searched for jurtina 

 at Meran, whence came Friihstorfer's "types" and which can be 

 considered one of the very hottest spots of the Southern Alps, and I 

 also collected it in the Isarco Valley, where it was identical with the 

 Meran one, at Kobenstein, m. 1300, and at the Mendel Pass, m. 

 1300, where it was also quite the same. What I realised at once, 

 when collecting this race, was that Friihstorfer's few and vague words 

 of description, and his unaccountable misleading statement that " it 

 stood near telmessia " had nofe conveyed to me in the least its 

 true position amongst the other races. With the materials I now 

 have at hand I see it belongs most decidedly to the same group 

 of races from Central Europe &s janwa, by its smaller size and frailer 

 look, more pointed wings and straighter outer margin, as compared to 

 the race of Central Italy. It is only a little larger and a little more 

 extensively fulvous on forewing than janira. The high mountain race 

 of Central Italy can with more accuracy be called phormia than janira 

 and I have an exactly similar race from Puybilliare in Vendee, larger 

 than janira is generally in the North of France. The race of the 

 lowlands of Central Italy belongs instead perfectly clearly to the 

 hispulla group of races from Southern Europe, although it is only the 

 first step or grade in that direction and there is still a grade detectable 

 between it and hispulla, which I have described in the Ent. Bee, I.e., 

 as emi hispulla ; I should call praehispulla the race I had till now 

 called phormia, taking the race of the neighbourhood of Florence as 

 "typical"; it is larger and more robust looking than phormia, with 

 wings more rounded ; outermargin more convex ; eye-spots larger, 

 and with a conspicuous white pupil in both sexes ; male often with a 

 small fulvous patch on disc of forewing and with one quite as broad as 

 in the telmessia, Z., figured by Seitz on PI. 48a, but a little shorter, in 

 about 5 out of my 90 specimens from Florence (Pian di Mugnone) ; 

 females usually with a small fulvous patch beyond the end of cell on 

 hindwing ; it is entirely missing in 25 out of my 70 specimens from 

 the locality just mentioned ; it extends on the contrary into a well- 

 defined band in 3 cases, recalling by its extent emihispulla, but not the 

 following hispulla grade. Race praehispulla is about the most variable 

 of the species ; it gives one the impression of occupying a central 

 position in the variation of the species, just as geographically, in point 

 of fact, it does come from a region lying in the middle of the others ; 

 its individual variations clearly point, in one direction, to the Western 

 and Southern races, which from emihispulla of Elba and Southern 

 Italy lead through hispulla, Esp., to the finest nymotypical jurtina 

 (usually called fortunata, Alph.) of Africa and Sicily ; in another 

 direction they point to the opposite line of variation, which, through 

 phormia, culminates in the weakly northern janira, L. ; in a third 

 direction they acquire features which recall the Eastern telmessiaeformis, 

 Vrty., race. 



Erebia epiphron, Kn., race amplevittata, mihi. — In 1912, Signor 



^Costantini of Reggio Emilia, had collected half-a-dozen specimens of 



this species, on July 23rd, at the Foce a Giovo, m. 1674, on the Alpe 



delle Tre Potezze, where there is the boundary between Tuscany and 



