212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 



Emilia. That was all one knew of epiphron in the Tuscan Apennines. 

 Last year in June Querci discovered it on Mt. Sumbra, m. 1400, in 

 the Alpi Apuane (N.-W. of Tuscany), and collected quite a nice series. 

 This has revealed the existence of a very distinct race, hitherto 

 unknown. Constantini's two specimens in my possession evidently 

 belong to the same. It corresponds exactly to the race of E. ceto from 

 the same mountains, described by me in the Ent. Bee, xxxi., p. 124, 

 and, like it, it stands exactly opposite to the extremely dark race of the 

 Sibillini Mts. of a more Alpine nature and flora, although situated 

 further south in Central Italy, because it exhibits a most unusual 

 extent of fulvous markings. Both sexes have a broad and perfectly 

 continuous band of bright fulvous, a little lighter in tinge and 

 extremely broad in female ; its outline is sharp on both the outer and 

 the inner side, and quite straight or very slightly dented on the latter 

 even in male; in a few individuals of this sex the nervures are thinly 

 darkened, but the band is never broken up into separate spots ; the 

 black spots are small, but in most males and in all the females there 

 is a complete series of four ; in the Sibillini race this is quite 

 exceptional. Eace eydamus, Frhst., from the Maritime Alps, by its 

 large size, bold fulvous markings and bright colouring is clearly a 

 lesser grade of variation in the same direction as the extreme race of 

 the parched Tuscan Apennines. 



Erebia gorge, Esp., race erynis, Esp., trans, ad carboncina, Vrty. 

 [Bull. Soc. 'Ent. Ital., xlvii., p. 54 (Dec. 16th, 1915)] .— One of the most 

 interesting discoveries made by Querci last year was that of this species 

 in the Alpi Apuane (N.-W. of Tuscany). It was unknown in the northern 

 part of Central Italy. Calberla records it (Iris, 1887, p. 135) from the 

 Gran Sasso, as erynis, Esp., and Querci had found it in the Sibillini Mts. 

 at the Fonte della Pescolla in July, 1911 ; the following year he searched 

 for it again several times at the same spot, but with no success. This 

 race I described as "remarkable by its small size, very limited fulvous 

 markings, ocelli absent or reduced to minute spots, underside of hind- 

 wing of a uniform deep black colour." It thus corresponds to the usual 

 very dark races of all the Erebia, except neoridas, B., in those moun- 

 tains. E. gorge seems to be found in Central Italy only on most out 

 of the way summits quite difficult to reach. As mentioned by Querci at 

 p. 11, he found only one specimen in the Alpi Apuane attheFosso dei 

 Granchi, m. 1500, on Mount Pisanino, after a toilsome ascent of hours 

 through the marble region. Its features are intermediate between 

 carboncina and the erynis I have from Arpetto in the Western Ligurian 

 Apennines, the nearest locality known of this species : the fulvous is 

 very extensive and deep in colour on forewing, but reduced to three 

 very small round spots on hindwing ; there exists on forewing one 

 minute apical ocellus with a white pupil scarcely perceptible ; on the 

 underside of hindwings the markings are vaguely shadowed, so that 

 the former are not of a uniform black, as in carboncina, but the general 

 tone is very dark. 



Melanargia galathea, L., race calacra-procida, Vrty.-Hrbst. — 

 The rule, so common in Calabrian races, holds good also in this 

 species : it is very different looking there from the races of Central 

 Italy, and by its size and extensive dark markings it resembles procida 



