8 C. W. M. Poynter 



countered clinically, that is, of the different pathological com- 

 plexes for, as Hershf elder has pointed out, " Since the lesions are 

 usually produced in groups rather than singly, it is quite as im- 

 portant from a clinical standpoint to recognize these groups and 

 understand their effect upon the circulation as to recognize the 

 individual lesions." 



The group of cases here presented total 886 and are taken as 

 largely as possible from the individual cases reported in the litera- 

 ture rather than the studies of museum specimens. After a dis- 

 cussion of each lesion a list of the cases upon which the conclu- 

 sions are based is appended. The references are given by using 

 the reporter's name and date so, by referring to the literature list 

 at the end, title and publication may be known. 



Classification 

 I. Malformations about the Heart. 



A. Anomalies of the Pericardium. 



1. Deficiency. 



2. Diverticulum. 



B. Misplacements of the Heart. 



1. Internal. 



a. Within the Chest (Dextrocardia). 

 h. Within the Abdomen. 

 c. Diverticulum. 



2. External (Ectopia Cordis). 



a. Cervical. 



b. Pectoral. 



c. Abdominal. 



n. Anomalies of the Heart as a Whole. 



A. Acardia. 



B. Bifid Apex. 



C. Congenital Hypertrophy, 

 ni. Anomalies of the Cardiac Septa. 



A. Interventricular Septum. 



1. Absence of Septum. 



2. Defective at Base. 



a. Below Aorta. 



b. Pars Membranacea. 



c. Elsewhere than Base. 



B. Interatrial Septum. 



1. Absence of Septum. 



2. Anomalies of Septum Primum. 



3. Anomalies of Septum Secundum. 



