Congenital Anomalies of the Heart 55 



It is impossible to arrive at the frequency of congenital cardiac 

 disease, but it appears certain that the cases are of more fre- 

 quent occurrence in England and France than in this country. 



It is evident that many congenital cardiac lesions and com- 

 plexes very much interfere with the normal physiological func- 

 tions, but it is apparent from the examination of longevity in 

 any group of cases that such lesions are only one of several fac- 

 tors in early curtailment of life. 



The following list of figures shows the relative frequency of 

 the lesions encountered in this study. These can have no value 

 as general statistics except as this particular group of cases may 

 be representative of the total distribution of such lesions. 



Per Cent. 



Anomalies of the pericardium 4.65 



Misplacements of the heart lo.o 



Anomalies of the heart as a whole 1.3 



Anomalies of the ventricular septum 61.0 



Anomalies of the atrial septum 35.6 



Irregularities in development of the truncus 28.5 



Abnormalities of the pulmonary artery 28.5 



Abnormalities of the aorta 2.9 



Irregularities of the pulmonary valves 7.0 



Irregularities of the aortic valves 2.6 



Persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus 20.6 



§XIX. BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Abbott, M. E. 1915. Congenital cardiac disease. Modern Medicine, by 



Osier & McCrae, vol. 4, ch. 10, p. 223. 

 Abbott, M. E., & Kauffman, J. 1910. Report of an unusual case of 



cardiac disease. Jour. Path, and Bact., vol. 14, pp. 525-535. 

 Abercrombie, J. 1881. A congenital imperfection of the septum ven- 



triculorum. Trans. Path. Soc, Lond., vol. 32, pp. 73-74. 

 1883. Congenital atresia of right ventricle, ductus arteriosus patent. 



Ibid., vol. 33, p. 78. 

 Abernethy, J. 1794. Surgical and pathological essays. Med. and Chir. ■ 



Rev., Lond., vol. i, pp. 1-271. 

 Achilles. 1879. (Congenital pulmonary stenosis.) Diss., Wiirzburg. 

 Ackerman, a. 1869. Ueber congenitale Pulmonalstenose. Diss., Halle. 

 Alamartine, L. 1888. Note sur un cas d'absence congenitale d'un val- 

 vule sigmoide de I'aorte. Loire med., St. Etienne, torn. 7 pp. 205-209. 

 Alezais, M. H. 1880. Deux nouveaux cas d'anomalies cardiaques. Gaz. 



d. hop., Par., torn. 53, p. 890. 



