SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 5 
tains (prov. of Caserta), at 500m. altitude, near Villalatina. These 
isolated colonies, in the south, of species proper to Central Europe, and 
separated by hundreds of miles from their congeners, are interesting to 
notice. 
The other species found in Central Italy under the same conditions, 
are the following :—Gegenes nostrodamus (collected by Rostagno round 
Rome, and pronounced by Reverdin to be this species, distinct from the 
widespread lefevburet) ; Hesperia alveus, H. foulquieri, H. serratulae, H. 
carthami* (all four found as yet in the Sibillini mountains only) ; Hryn- 
nis boeticus (Sibillini and Oricola, on boundary between Latium and 
Abruzzi; only two or three specimens known) Hirsutina dolus (Sibil- 
lini and Abruzzi); Polyommatus tithonus (=eros) (Sibillini and Abruzzi) ; 
Aricia eumedon (Aurunci mountains and Aspromonte in Calabria) ; 
Tolana jolas (Bologna, Rome, and Aurunci mountains) ; Lycaena arcas 
discovered by Querci at the end of June, on Mt. Cairo, above Monte- 
cassino, at the junction of the paths from Colle 8. Magno and Castro- 
cielo) ; Lycaena alcon (discovered by Turatiat Sestola on the Modenese 
slopes of Mt. Cimone, in July, and said to have been found in the 
Abruzzi by Standfuss) ; Alugia spini (Sibillini, Aurunci, and Mainarde 
mountains) ; Anthocharis euphenoides (at Filettino, in the Simbruini 
mountains, in S. Latium); Coenonympha dorus (Assisi, discovered by 
Wheeler, and Sibillini); Hrebia yorye (Sibillini and Abruzzi); Melitaea 
aurinia (Aurunci mountains); M. trivia (said to have been found by 
Stauder in Calabria); M. parthenie (Sibillini and Abruzzi); Brenthis 
pales (Abruzzi). 
Rumicia phlaeas, L., race NiIGRIORELEUS, mihi, race vaRI- 
ELEUS, mihi, and its other European races. Tutt, in brit. 
Butts., 1., has made a remarkably accurate and exhaustive critical 
analysis of the bibliography of this species. From it, and from 
a few further observations on phlaeas in the South, I think 
the following synthetical conclusions can be drawn concerning 
seasonal polymorphism and races in Europe. These are invariably 
produced by variation in the shape of the wings, and especially by 
different degrees of melanism (in the summer and autumn broods), 
which constitute a progressive series along one single line. The fol- 
lowing grades are clearly discernible and broadly correspond to geo- 
sraphical areas in their distribution, as will be seen when dealing with 
the races they produce: (1) form phlaeas, L.; (2) form initia [=caudata] , 
Tutt: no black suffusion over copper ground-colour of forewing, but 
broader dark bands along the three margins; I should add that the 
external margin of forewings is straighter, that the black dots are 
larger, and that the band-like copper space of hindwings is reduced in 
extent, Just as it ig in all the following forms ; (8) form eleus, Fabr.: a 
* H. alveus is a species about which one may be easily mistaken, but H. 
serratulae certainly occurs at Palona in the Abruzzi, and at Subiaco. JH. car- 
thami occurs at Rocearaso and Villala in the Abruzzi on Monte Subasco, Assisi, 
where I have taken several specimens at the side of the path leading to the 
**Carceri.”” H..dolus and L. idas also occur at Assisi; the former on both sides 
of the road leading to Piano della Pieve, and of the latter I have taken one worn ¢ 
only (being too late for the species) just above the Cemetery road. J. spini also 
occurs in the Abruzzi, near Aquila, at Sulmona, and at the Lago di Scanno, as 
well as at Subiaco. (See Hnt. Rec., xxi., pp. 250, 252, 253; xxii., pp. 258, 276, 
286.)—[G.W.] 
