THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
black suffusion, always abundantly mixed with copper, covers the hind 
part of forewing more or less up to cubital nervure, and to its anterior 
branch ; Tutt has called suffusa the corresponding form with no tails 
to hindwings; (4) form aestivus, Z.: like the preceding, but with a 
much denser and slightly more extensive suffusion ; (5) form fuscata 
[—caudata], Tutt, the whole of the copper replaced by dark scaling, 
except, in less extreme specimens, two small areas ‘‘ before and beyond 
the discal spot”? showing very faintly. Melanism and all these 
characters are far less marked in the female. The seasonal and geo- 
graphical distribution of these forms in Hurope can be tabulated as 
follows :— . 
Race. First GEN. SEeconD cen. THR» cen. Fourra 
Lapland, EXTRAORD.GEN. 
hypophlaeas, Boisd. (one generation only) 
Extreme N. Europe, 
phlaeas, L. phlaeas. phlaeas. (none) 
N. Europe, 
initia, Tutt. philaeas. initia. phlaeas. 
Southern N. Europe, 
sujjusa, Tutt. phlaeas. suffusa. initia. 
Central Hurope, 
initia-caudata, Tutt.  phlaeas. initia- initia. 
and caudata. 
elews, Faby. phiaeas. eleus. initia- initia 
Northern $8. Kurope, caudata. [-caudata] . 
nigrioreleus, Vrty. philaeas. nigrioreleus. eleus. imitia 
Southern 5. Europe, [-caudata]. 
aestivus, Z. philaeas. aestivus. eleus. initia- 
caudata ? 
fuscata-caudata, Tutt, phlaeas. fuscata- eleus. initia- 
caudata. caudata ? 
It will be noticed that the highest degree of melanism is always 
produced by the second gen., which consequently characterises the 
race.. 
The race hypophlaeas, B., of Lapland, is very distinct and stands 
apart from the single line of variation of the others; it is like the 
American one. The nymotypical race is said by Linnaeus to “ habitat 
in pratis Westmanniae.” The race initia initiates seasonal dimorphism 
in the second gen., and perhaps in the third, which differ from the 
first in most individuals. The race sujffusa of the South of England 
resembles eleus, but only has marked tails quite exceptionally. In the 
two Central European races the forms initia-caudata and eleus are 
found mixed together in the second gen., one or the other predominat- 
ing, and a few aestivus appearing now and then amongst them. I 
have found it necessary to create the new name of niyrioreleus for the 
next grade, as it could in no way be joined cn either to eleuws or to 
aestivus; the form initia-caudata is frequent in the second generation 
amongst the precocious sporadic emergences of May and in 
early June, but later it nearly entirely disappears, and some 
individuals are elews, whereas more than half the individuals 
belong to transitions from the latter to aestivws, which is 
frequent even in its most highly characterised form, although 
percentages fluctuate according to localities; the third generation con- 
trasts sharply with the second only in the tardy families (in Florence, 
after September 15th, early ones emerging from the end of August), 
because in these it retrocedes of two grades to tnitia-caudata, whereas 
