30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
Race emendata, Vrty.:—Of the transalpina subspecies one race 
comes nearest to aupicoua by the extent of the red scaling on underside 
of forewings; the red spots of upperside are more extensive and the 
blue-black border of hindwings narrower than in any other race of 
transalpina; on the other hand it unmistakably belongs to it by its 
larger size, robust build, very bright colouring, the scaling being thick. 
I have called it emendata [Bull. Soc. Ent. It., xlvii., p. 76 (1915)], 
because at one time it was thought by Turati and others to be the 
nymotypical transalpina, whereas I have pointed out that Ksper’s 
fioure clearly, though roughly, represents either altitudinaria, Trti., or 
intermedia, Rocci. (vide antea). It is widely distributed in the Po 
valley and lower localities of the Alps (Como-Brunate, Valcamoniea at 
Cogno, Limone in Piedmont), and even extends to Central Italy along 
the Adriatic (Macerata 
From this race transalpina may be described as branching off into 
two groups: (a) the small, frail, thinly scaled and less bright moun- 
tain group of races. and (b) the maritime group, with exactly opposite 
characters. In each of these two groups the races may be classified, 
ascording to the extent of the blue-green scaling, as follows :— 
(a) intermedia, Rocei.; altitudinaria, Trti.; sorrentina, Stdgr. ; 
latina, mihi; calabrica, Calb. (to this group seems also to belong 
hispana, mihi). 
(6) maritima, Obth.; transiens, Rocci. 
Race intermedia, Rocci.—Between emendata and altitudinaria, 
there exists a race which is intermediate in build and which, in extreme 
individuals, is identical either with emendata or with altitudinaria, accord- 
ing to localities, thus leading gradually up from one to the other. Also 
its distribution proves it is intermediate. It spreads all over the Po 
valley, especially south of this river, where it is less localised than 
emendata ; in Liguria, Rocei found it at median altitudes, above mar?- 
tima, Obth., and below altitudinaria, Trti.; in Tuscany it is the only 
representztive of the species, both on the sea coast (Leghorn) and in 
the plains and low hills of the hinterland, so that it constitutes there 
a very definite race, only blending with altitudinaria, Trti., in the 
higher mountains. Roeci has called it intermedia. 
Race altitudinaria, Trti.—Small, reaching the smallest size of 
transalpina in extreme individuals, such as those who emerge late 
(autumn), but are probably not at all a second brood [autumnalis, 
Vrty.] ; antenne thin; body frail; wings narrow; red spots pale; - 
red patch on underside of forewings generally absent in male and very 
reduced in female; dark scaling of a decided green tinge, and light 
enough to show off black circles round red spots; dark band along 
margin of hindwing very narrow. This race extends from Liguria to 
the Abruzzi, all along the tops of the Appennines, and also in lower 
mountain localities, when they are particularly cold. 
The race described above vary comparatively very little in single 
individuals ; they all belong to the six-spotted form, with narrow dark 
margin to hindwing ; only occasiona!ly does it get a little broader and 
diffused in intermedia and altitudinaria; Costantini has observed in 
the Modenese that this happens chiefly in early emergences and he has 
called these specimens form praecow. 
These races are equivalent to the nymotypical group of races 
of 4. filipendulae, L. The following ones are characterised by a 
te oe Ve, a ee 
