58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 
Hindwings. —Ground colour a pale scarlet with distinct blue-black 
spots edged with yellow, central spot shaped after a bird’s head, a 
small spot nearer the hindmargin, a row of three spots. 
Hipocrita jacobaeae, L.—Moth common in June. Larva common in 
July and August, where ragwort is plentiful. 
Ar:tia villica, L.—Larva found near Hambledon in April, 1919.—W. 
H.-Smith. One, June 4th, 1912, taken near Brook Village. 
Three, June, 1914. 
(To be continued.) 
SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 
GynanpRomorpHS.—As there seems some uncertainty in the general 
use of the terms ‘“‘Gynandromorph” and ‘“ Hermaphrodite,” I have 
asked Dr. Cockayne if he would kindly write out a full explanation of 
their application in our scientific communication. He has very kindly 
sent me the following, which shows that we should restrict the use of 
the latter term to those specimens of which we have actual evidence 
that both male and female generating organs are functionally perfect 
in one and the same individual. 
“The terms hermaphrodite and gynandromorph are still used as if 
they were synonymous and this practice is supported by the definitions 
given in the larger dictionaries. In the interests of science it would 
be better to confine the term hermaphrodite to genetic hermaphrodites. 
«Tn these one gonad is an ovary and one a testis, or a gonad in one 
or both sides consists of a mixture of ovarian and testicular tissue 
forming an ovotestis. 
“The term gyandromorph has a wider meaning and is applied to 
insects showing both 1aale and female characters in its somatic tissues. 
“« A gynandromorph may have secondary sexual characters inter- 
mediate between those of the fully developed male and female, or it 
may have them in some parts completely male and in others 
completely female. 
“Tn the latter case the secondary sexual characters of the one sex 
may preponderate greatly, those of the other being present merely on a 
small area of wing surface, or in one antenna, or they may be almost 
equally represented in the form of a fine or coarse mosaic on both 
sides, or they may be completely or nearly completely segregated to 
opposite sides of the insects, one half having the secondary sexual 
characters of the male, the other those of the female. The term 
‘intersex’ is sometimes apphed to insects which show intermediate 
sexual characters on both sides, or a mosaic of those of the two sexes. 
«““Some of the mixed or halved gynandromorphs are genetic 
hermaphrodites, but these cannot be recognised from their external 
appearance. Unlike those of mammals the secondary sexual characters 
of insects are not influenced by an internal secretion derived from 
the gonads. 
«Thus the term ‘hermaphrodite’ should be restricted to insects 
possessing both ovarian and testicular tissue, whereas ‘ gynandromorph ’ 
can be applied to any insect showing both male and female sexual 
characters irrespective of the nature of its gonads.”’ . 
