66 : THS KNYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
the end of emergence on the plain, and in the case of precocious 
species of the plain even three months late compared with 
the commencement, but the II. brood in the case of the greater part 
of these species flies, notwithstanding, in the second part of July, with 
only a delay of one month compared with those of the plain, and 
leaves ample time for the III. to be produced, as in fact is verified in 
various species. There is no delay as in the first two broods, but it 
appears simultaneously with the III. of the plain; in fact, in napi it 
is clearly in anticipation, flying together with the other species at the 
end of August and the beginning of September instead of in the 
second half of September, after the other species, as in the plain. 
Therefore, what happensjin these mountains is a simple “ suppression ”’ 
of one or two broods, similar to the suppression in many localities of 
the plain and in many seasons, but more frequent and more marked. 
That it is a case of suppression simply for local reasons and only 
indirectly by reason of altitude is shown by the fact that often even 
the suppressed broods are represented by a few sporadic individuals, 
who appear at the season at which the entire brood ought to emerge, 
and also by the fact that the suppression follows, more or less, the 
same order as in the plain, beginning with the tertiary brood, and 
then reducing or abolishing the secondary brood. A fair idea of it can 
be drawn from the material collected by Querci in the Sibillini 
concerning the 25 trigenerate Italian species, which are also the 
European ones!, bearing in mind, however, that local and annual 
factors intervene; to these is doubtless to be attributed the absence of 
alceae, cleopatra, manni, machaon and dia, and that only a single 
individual of argiolus and of aegeria was found, because I have 
observed some specimens of cleopatra and of manni in other localities 
equally elevated (Vallombrosa and Valdieri), of dia at Vallombrosa, 
and the other species mentioned are not rare in many mountains ; 
ergane has been collected in the Sibillini, but has not been searched 
for continuously. Of Hrynnis boeticus only one or two specimens were 
found at the end of June. I must note that Foulquier was certainly 
led wrong by the ‘‘summer pause” when he attributed four broods to 
this species in Oberthir’s Et. Lép. Comp., xvi., p. 255. It has three 
like altheae. 
The remaining trigenerate species can be divided as follows :— 
The first and second broods suppressed or almost suppressed: 
Croceus (edusa), daplidice, rivularis (camilla). 
The second and third broods suppressed : podalirius. 
The third brood suppressed : medon, rhamnt, hyale, sinapis, brassicae. 
With three broods: altheae, phlaeas, dorilis, napti, rapae, megera, 
lathonia. 
With regard to double-brooded species it may be remarked that 
1 The fact should be noted that all the trigenerates, except ergane, have a very 
extensive distribution in the Palearctic region ; vice-versa the much localised and 
characteristic species of limited faune are all annual, except corinna and two or 
three of the double-brooded non-Italian. The bigenerates have also in the great 
majority of cases a great diffusion. The European non-Italian species, which 
probably have three broods, are only: G. farinosa, P. krueperi and P. chloridice, 
Colias chrysotheme, C. erate, and C. myrmidone, P. feisthameli and Leptosia 
croatica. 
