68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 
(cardut) ; an exception is sylvanus, which preserves its graduated 
emergence of about two months duration, and flies from the end of 
June to late August, instead of from May to the beginning of August. 
This is not surprising because even in the plain this species is mostly 
annual and almost essentially produces the second brood partially. It 
is, therefore, natural that in the mountains it should follow the rule 
of theannuals. Finally, the double-brooded species with a late I. brood 
in the plain (June and beginning of July) emerge at the same epoch even 
in the high mountain (bigenerate Vanessidi, except cardui, and 
L. celtis). As regards the II. brood it appears that it does not suffer 
like the I., a delay in the epoch of emergence and a shortening in 
duration, but that instead it emerges, species by species, at the same 
season as in the plain. The short and precocious emergence of tayes 
takes place during the first days of August, that of sao, of hylas, and of 
minimus during August, that of thetis in the first decade of September, 
those of foulquieri, and of the bigenerate Vanessidi in September ; 
the graduated emergence of thersites, of icarus, and of pamphilus are 
also graduated but only from the end of July to the beginning of 
September. 
The annual species follow the simple rule of emerging at the epoch 
which in the high mountain best corresponds with the season in the 
plain, therefore the species which in the plain begin to emerge 
precociously in April fly in June or during the first days of July 
(cyllarus, rubti, cardaminest) ; those of May fly from the end of June to 
about the 20th of July (ducina, crataegi, cinvia) ; those of June fly from 
July till the beginning of August (lavaterae, flava, acteon, 
alciphron, amandus, spini, ilicts, acaciae, jurtina, galathea, japyyia, 
cydippe=espert ; thus the delay is reduced from two months to one 
month or less, until the species proper to July (arion, quercus, dorus, 
atalanta, antiopa, io) fly contemporaneously at all altitudes. The same 
happens for those species proper to July-August (meleayer, tithonus, L., 
semele, hermione Li. [=alcyone], paphia), and for those proper to 
August only (comma, coridon, brisets), in the same way as at this season 
the II. brood of double-brooded, and the III. of triple-brooded species 
do not suffer modifications, when not entirely suppressed. ? 
The annual species exclusively of the high mountain, or which are 
such in Central Italy? can be divided into several categories, according 
to the epoch in which they emerge :— 
June and beginning of July: stygne, euphrosyne. 
End of June to 20th July: serratulae, hippothoé, mnemosyne, tiphon, 
_ ceto, parthenie, niobe. 
1 This species was not found by Querci without doubt, because it has a short 
and very precocious emergence at the beginning of June, corresponding to April of 
the plain, as has been observed in other localities of the high mountain. 
2 The annual species of peninsular Italy which have not been found in the 
Sibillini ave the following: Existing in the high mountain and probably wanting 
only for local reasons: lineola, boetica, L., telicanus, betulae, circe, major, daphne. 
Very local or belonging to more southern regions :—nostrodamus, morpheus, fritillum, 
Hb.?, curlinae?, aleon, arcas, iolas, pruni?, euphenoides, iphts, arge, aurinia, pandora. 
Never found above 1000 m.: lefebvrei, sidae, escheri (it is to be noted that this 
species in peninsular Italy is scarce in the mountains, whereas in the Alps it is 
abundant at great heights), w.-albwm, cramert, hypermnestra, ida, Lupinus, dryas, 
statilinus, hecate. 
8 The remaining species not found in the district of Bolognola are: cacaliae, 
eumedon, medusa, euryale, glaciulis, goante, pales. 
