70 , THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 
instead, in the Apennines, at about 700m., it begins to emerge only at 
the end of the month or at the beginning of August, whilst we have 
seen that the other annual species of July do not suffer any delay. It 
is not a question of adelay of the same kind in the case of other 
annual species, such as alciphron and escheri, because the beginning of 
their emergence is only retarded from June to July, which is the 
general rule for the June species; if the end of the emergence is 
delayed actually for two months in the Sibillini for alciphron (beginning 
of September), and for six weeks at Valdieri in the two species, this 
happens because in those localities the emergence from being short 
becomes very long, the greater part of the males emerging from the 
first to the last days of July and the females from the last days of July 
to the last of August. In localities less elevated (M. Senario, 700- 
800m., near Florence) and even at the height of 1,000m. and more, 
above Covieliaio, I have found that the males of alciphron emerge in 
June and the females in the first half of July ; escheri at Covighiaio 
appears at 900m. in very small numbers at the same time, whilst in 
the plain, and on the hills near Florence, it emerges during a period 
of twenty daysin June. All this proves that alciphron in Italy in 
the high mountains finds conditions better adapted to its development, 
and that the summer heat and drought staps its development lower 
down. The same may be said of lineola and flava (=thaumas). Ihave 
just mentioned that Alpine escheri behaves in the same manner, whilst 
on the contrary escheri, race splendens, of peninsular Italy behaves in 
exactly the opposite one. ‘The species which evidently have a greater 
development in the higher zone than in the lower might be called 
“spmi-mounrain.” Other annual Italian species with this specific 
biological character are: avion, coridon, daphne. Amongst the 
bigenerates the following have it; hylas, semiargus, argus, maera, 
urticue. Amongst the trigenerates only altheae and lavaterae. The 
other intermediate grades between the purely mountain species and 
those proper to the plains, are represented by those above mentioned 
which inhabit also the mountains at moderate heights, but become 
scarcer as the altitude increases. 
Returning to the question of the change of the epoch of emergence 
in the high Alpine localities, such as 1 am illustrating in the example 
of the Baths of Valdieri, we remark that of the 49 bigenerate species 
of Northern Italy there exist in this locality only the followmg 22: 
tages, carthamt, sylvanus, sao, orton, hylas, tcarus, semiargus, argus, idas, 
minimus, lucina, pamphilus, arcania, maera, cinwia, phoebe, enphrosyne, 
cardut, urticae, polychloros, c-album. Of these some have been found only 
in the cases of two or three individuals, very old, probably immigrants 
from the less elevated part of the valley: sao, pamphilus, phoebe, cardut. 
All these species, except wrticae and c-album have only one brood in July 
(semiargus, minimus, and arcania), or in July and beginning of August, 
and therefore in the intermediate epoch between the emergences of the 
broods when two exist. The appearance of the’insects is always that 
of the I. brood. Of the 25 trigenerate Italian species three only are 
absent at the Baths of Valdieri: eryane, because it is excessively local 
in north Italy, podalirius and dia. The following six have been found 
only as sporadic individwals: cleopatra, croceus, daplidice, megera, 
aegeria. The others are found :—With one brood : alceae, altheae, 
dorilis, medon, machaon, rivularis, lathonia. With two broods: phlaeas, 
