COLLECTING IN TURKEY In 1919, 105 
Collecting in Turkey in 1919. 
By Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. 
My chief captures of the past year—Hamearis lucina, Lampides 
boeticus and Melanargia larissa —all new to me at Constantinople have 
already been noted in the Hint. Record. A fourth—Hipparchia briseis, 
of which I caught a damaged male early in September at Kiathané, is 
also an addition, but I am sure this insect occurs in some of the very 
suitable dry areas, which I have not yet worked in July and August. 
Butterflies—with the exception of a few species, e.y., Plebetus aeyon, 
Polyommatus icarus, and at one locality Agriades thersites—were not 
very common, save in the first half of August, when I found quite a 
number of species in large numbers at Kiathané—notably Mrynnis 
orientalis, Hesperia armoricanus and Scolitantides baton. 1 took on 
Aueust 16th at Kiathané in a damp spot, which in the spring had 
given me what I took for H. malvae, a 3 specimen either of this 
species or of H. malvoides. As soon as postal communications with 
the outer world are reasonably secure I shall have the genitalia of this 
specimen examined. So far the only Constantinople H. malvae, which 
has been sent by me for microscopic examination, proved to be 
HA, malvae—neither H. pontica nor H. malvoides. Is it possible that 
malvae in this latitude has a partial second-brood ? 
Many normally safe localities near Constantinople were unsafe. A 
few days after I had paid a visit to Gyék-Su, “ brigands ’—who bore a 
most curious resemblance, so I learnt, to some missing gendarmes, 
carried off three market gardeners, whose families had to pay up a 
trifle of 1500 Turkish pounds—paper pounds, praise be to Allah !— 
before they were released. Several evildoers haunted the Alemdagh 
Forest during the summer and committed a series of horrible crimes 
that shocked even the case-hardened gendarmes, who at last rounded 
up the band and shot fourteen out of fifteen of them. Their last 
exploit had been to torture a man and woman, whom they found 
tramping along the roads in search of work, till both went mad. 
They were a mixed crowd, Turks and Albanians. So I failed to hunt 
for Bithys quercus, Melitaea athalia var. mehadiensis and Argynnis 
cydippe in these fine woods this year. 
I paid a good deal of attention—inspired by Dr. Verity’s fascinating 
paper—to the subject of the emergence of various Rhopalocera and 
Grypocera, and having found my collection and notes practically 
intact was able to look up past records. My deductions, which are 
still provisional in some cases, are the following :— 
1. The quies aestiva in this region lasts from about July 10-15 to 
July 25-31. This state is more marked in dry and open, than 
in moist and wooded, areas. 
2. Frost so seldom occurs with any intensity before Christmas, 
and November and early December are so frequently warm and bright, 
that I am inclined to consider that the offspring of the P., tcarus and 
Coenonympha pamphilus, which appear late in October and differ. little 
from the vernal specimens, have a very fair chance of survival, and 
that their parents should be deemed a true, if partial third brood. 
8. Of the Urbicolids and Lycenids (sensu lato), the following are 
certainly triple brooded:—Hrynnis alceae, Rumicia phlaeas, Loweia 
dorilis, Aricia medon, A. anteros and P. icarus (partially). I have not 
June 1drx,. 1920. 
