ON EMERGENCE OF THE GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 107 
syriaca (worn), S. statilinus var. fatuaeformis (a few fairly fresh gs 
seen, one ? taken), HL. jurtina (worn 2s), Pyronia tithonus (worn), 
Pararge megera, P. aeyeria (a few), and C. pamphilus. 
One expected better results from a well wooded valley in Bithyria 
even so late as the third week of August, but I had not really the time 
to work the vicinity of the hotel, and if I visit the place again late in 
the season, I must try to explore the neighbouring mountains, which 
run up to about 3,000 feet and are well supplied with pine-woods. But 
‘a remedy or a protection against the local fly ‘‘ imposes itself’ as the 
French say, and without either I fear Kury Yalova in Autumn. 
On Emergence of the Grypocera and Rhopalocera in relation to 
Altitude and Latitude. 
Illustrated chieflygby the Sibillini Mts. (Central Italy) and by the Baths of 
Valdieri (Maritime Alps). 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 
(Concluded from p. 71.) 
The two localities above-mentioned offer examples of the greatest 
modifications which altitude can produce in the emergence of Lepi- 
doptera. Itis needless to add that in intermediate altitudes, generally 
speaking, lesser modifications are found, but on the other hand local 
causes have notable influence. Thus, on the hills in the neighbour- 
hood of Florence alone sensible differences are observed both in the 
epochs of emergence and in the aspect of the species. Mount Fanna, 
600m. high, is identical with the plain below; Mount Conca, above 
Fontebuona di Vaglia, which rises on the northern slope of Monte 
Morello, at only 400 m., offers a different fauna from that of the plain, 
and a later emergence. 
In the mountains the annual meteorological conditions are felt even 
more than in the plain, especially with regard to precocious emergence. 
I need only mention the example of Parnassius mnemosyne, which in 
1918 was found very abundantly by Querci at the end of June and at 
the beginning of July at Bolognola, whilst in 1913 only a few old in- 
dividuals had been found, and the inhabitants of that locality assured 
him that the species had emerged in great quantities at the end of 
May and at the beginning of June, which in that year were exceptionally 
mild. - 
Novres ON THE EFFECTS OF LATITUDE. 
Above all, one can repeat in a general way what has been said with 
regard to altitude, namely, that, taking into account the number of 
broods, the differences between the different latitudes are much less 
than might appear at first sight. The data offered by entomological 
literature are very vague and confused, and those of Southern Europe 
almost nil with regard to the trigenerate species, because the two sum- 
mer broods have always been treated as a single one, or on the contrary 
as an indefinite series of overlapping emergences. I will limit myself, 
therefore, to a few observations on the material collected from April 
20th to June 20th, 1918, by the Querci family at S. Martino delle Seale, 
in Sicily, which is a good example of one of the least elevated latitudes 
in Iiurope, and on the very exact indications which the Enelish ento- 
imologists have furnished about their own country, which is an example 
