110 THE ENTOMOLOGIS£ S RECORD. 
July and August emerge exactly at the same epoch from England to 
the South of Europe. 
Finally let us remark that at higher latitudes than that of central 
England, all the bigenerates and trigenerates become annual, emerging, 
according to the usual law of such real transformations, at an epoch 
intermediate between those of the broods, where two exist. Bearing 
in mind also that the transformation from triple-brooded into double- 
brooded takes place through the substitution of one emergence only for 
the two summer emergences between the epoch of the second and that 
of the third, it is possible to have a synthetic conception of the broods 
with regard to the latitude. We have already alluded to the fact that 
some bigenerate and trigenerate species remain such in all regions 
whilst others diminish their annual cycles precociously with the 
increase of latitude. It remains to establish where the transformations 
of each species occur, bearing in mind that we are not, however, to 
expect the number of broods always to decrease northwardly, as intense 
summer heat and drought are just as apt to suppress them as the 
winter cold, or at least to reduce one brood to an extremely smail 
number of individuals. For instance, not a single individual of H. 
lucina* or of M. cinaia has, to my knowledge, ever been observed to 
emerge during the summer in central or northern Italy, whereas it is 
well known that a partial second brood of the former is often produced 
from England to Switzerland, and that the second brood of the latter 
from Switzerland and the south of France has even been described and 
named. Never does wrticae produce more than two broods in central 
Italy, and in the plain probably not more than one, whereas in England 
it may even produce an exceptional third one, as I have mentioned. 
Each species evidently has an “optimum” latitude, where all the 
broods are abundant. 
Notes and Observations on«the Lepidoptera of the Witley District 
from 1912 to 1919. 
By AUSTIN A. TULLETT, F.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 93.) 
Brephos parthenias, L.—Common in March and April flying in 
sunshine around sallows. Three taken on a tence, April, 1918. 
Gxrometrip#.—Sub-family Geometrinae, 
Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hufn.—Common on Hambledon Common 
in July. 
Geometra papilionaria, L.—A series of seventeen, mostly from larve 
obtained on alder in April, May and June (Hambledon and 
Chiddingfold.) Larvae from this district will not eat birch 
in confinement. There is plenty of birch growing in the 
vicinity and even close where the alder grows. 
Geometra vernaria, Hb.—Two, Witley, July 12th, 1912. Taken at 
heght. 
Huchloris pustulata, Hufn.—Very common at dusk in June and July 
in Hambledon Woods. 
Todis lacteavia, L4.—Common in June in Hambledon Woods. 
* Dr. Christ took it at Lecco in Aug., 1879, and Miss Fountaine at Olgiate in 
Sept., 1893 (See my ‘“‘ Butt. of Switz., ete.,’” p. 51.)—G.W. 
