120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
tion in which the inner edge of the central spot is level and in a line 
with the rest of the band, is very rare. Specimens with the projection 
so modified as to be of less than half its normal size, are much 
commoner. None of the aberrations mentioned, however, make the 
identity of the species the least doubtful. 
HA. cacaliae, Rbr. 
Cacaliae is one of the true Alpine species; in fact, excepting ~ 
ryffelensis, it is more completely confined to high altitudes than any 
other Central Kuropean species. It is most frequently recorded from 
altitudes over 6000 ft., where it is well distributed and normally 
abundant. It ascends to very great altitudes, possibly higher even 
than andromedae, but cannot apparently establish itself in sub-alpine 
regions, as does that latter, which is undoubtedly most abundant 
between 4000 and 6000 ft. Cacaliae is occasionally recorded at low 
levels, but these records are not satisfactory, and I strongly suspect 
are based on the capture of single examples, which have strayed from 
higher levels. I have myself taken such isolated examples in the 
Ueschinen Tal. In this valley above 6000 ft. cacaliae is common; but I 
found a g at 4500 ft. and a ? at the same level a month later. I 
had collected on this ground continually between the two captures 
without finding another specimen, so concluded they were the result of 
egos laid by a @ strayed from higher up the summer before. In such 
a case there would, of course, have been a considerable number of eggs 
laid, and the fact that only two specimens were found, suggests that 
conditions at these lower levels are unsuitable to the species. I should 
add that when I found the first specimen, the g, the species had not 
- yet emerged higher up. In most sub-alpine regions, particularly if 
surrounded by mountains of greater height, it is not unusual to take 
single specimens of Alpine butterflies, and cacaliae, with its wild flight, 
would seem a likely enough species to stray from its natural zone. 
Cacaliae is not at all so universally distributed in the Swiss Alps 
as andromedae, but, when it occurs it is usually much more abundant. 
T have found it in many localities in the Valais, Bernese Oberland, 
and Grisons ; but not in the Vaud, though it is probably found in some 
of the higher parts. 
Cacaliae is a very distinctly marked species. It varies, however, to 
a considerable extent, and thus sometimes assumes a certain likeness 
to andromedae. This is particularly the case when the two spots next 
the inner margin hindwing underside take the same shape as the 
exclamation mark in andromedae. They can, however, always be easily 
separated, for in andromedae the exclamation mark is always on a 
black background; while in cacaliae it is on a coloured one. In other 
words, the black coloration which borders the hindwing from the base 
to the anal angle, is twice the width in andromedae it is in cacaliae. 
Another feature which distinguishes cacaliae from all other species, is 
the bright brownish-orange colour of the hindwing underside. More 
valuable than the colour, which unfortunately fades a little in worn 
examples, is the character offered by the basal spots, underside hind- 
wing. Normally three in number in all other species, in cacaliae the 
central one is almost always absent; only on rare occasions it is partly 
developed, and never, in my experience, wholly. 
On the upperside cacaliae shows a greater degree of transitional 
