126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 
in view of the Zermatt record it is quite possible it came from Beérisal. 
Why, and how, onopordi came to ascend to these levels in this one 
district, it is impossible to say ; nowhere that I have collected in the 
Alps have I ever seen the species, and Prof. Reverdin tells me that his 
experience has been the same. Dr. Chapman notes the occurrence, of 
onopordit at Spondinig on the Stelvio, at 2800 ft. This is about 
1000 ft. higher than the summit of its vertical range at Follaterre, but 
is still much below the Bérisal level. It is to be supposed that when 
onopordt does occur over 5000 ft. it will be single-brooded. 
Onopordi is, on the whole, an easily identified species; the 
characteristic feature of the group, together with the hooked spot of 
the median band underside hindwing, give it an appearance easily 
recognised. and distinctive. There is no: appreciable difference 
between the individuals of the two broods of onopordi in the Rhone 
Valley (though, as in the case of armoricanus, Dr. Verity finds 
distinctions which he considers important enough to merit a name, 
between the broods in Italy), but, curiously enough, some ¢s of the 
second brood are larger than any $s or @?s of the first. . 
The ground colour of the hindwing underside shows some 
variation, not unfrequently being of a fine tonedeeper even than carlinae; 
but it is not so constant as in that species. It wears badly, and after 
the species has been a week or two on the wing, it is difficult to find a 
specimen not considerably faded. Unfaded examples, in which the 
colour is much paler and yellowish, are found occasionally ; and in this 
connection mention must be made of var. conyzae, Guénée. It is still 
doubtful whether this form is only an aberration, in which case it was 
absurd toname it; as no man living could determine what constituted the 
limits of one shade in this variable colour. In answer to a question of 
mine, Prof. Reverdin, with much kindness, sent me all the information 
he had concerning this form, in detail. The type specimens were not 
taken in Switzerland, but some distance on the French side of the 
frontier. Whether the form was racial in that locality remains the 
chief question; but, unfortunately, it has never been re-discovered. 
The type conyzae only differed from onopordi in the grey tone of the 
ground colour underside hindwing; so it is to be presumed, by M. 
Oberthir giving the name to the Zermatt specimens, that a pale 
coloration is racial and constant there. Judging by the unstable 
nature of this colour in onopordi, I find this difficult to credit; also 
the specimen from Bérisal was of as fine and deep a colour as any I 
have seen. That is how the matter stands. There always remains, 
of course, the possibility that in the future, a race of onopordi with a 
distinctive coloration underside, will be found in some distant locality. 
The var. reducta occurs in various degrees in onopordi. The 
extreme form, in which the ‘“ anvil-shaped”’ spot has its inner edge 
level with the band, is not at all so rare as in andromedae, and 
occurs in both broods; it does not seriously affect the identification 
of the specimen, as the other characters (black outlining of spots, 
hooked spot, etc.) remain unchanged. This form too, never looks so 
like carlinae or armoricanus, as the converse aberrations of these 
species look like onopordi. 
H. malvae, L. 
In this species and the next (malvoides) we find a greater tendency 
