“SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 147 
never occurs and still less calida. Finally Oberthur has named gallica 
|Et. Lép. Comp., iv., p. 252 (1910) and x., fig. 2374-6], using as 
‘types’ specimens from Cancal and from the Morbihan of the second 
generation, that form in which-the lunules above are very extensive, 
considering it is of the Central Europe race, and the underside of the 
female is of a more fulvous gray than usual in that region ; its rather 
large size and the shape of the wings also show that gallica is a 
transition to the southern race and this name will no doubt be useful 
to designate that particular race and intermediate grade, although, 
strictly speaking, it would be included in the descriptions of ayestis 
and of aestiva, and it would only be their culminating form; 
Oberthiir, creating his name, has unconsciously restricted the other 
two to the common, less marked, forms. Concerning the Alpine races, 
let us observe that the form with no orange lunules above gets more 
abundant as altitude increases and that the underside becomes of 
a darker gray. Ever since Staudinger in 1871 restricted the name of 
allous, Hiib., to this author’s figure 990, which has no trace of lunules, 
the name has been used for the Alpine form with this characteristic. 
The revival of the name medon reduces allous to a synonym, but Tutt 
would evidently like to save it by observing that medon is particularly 
stated to be small, whereas allows may be largé or even very large; as 
size is very variable and never acquires racial. importance in this 
species the distinction seems rather too subtle. The commonest 
Alpine form is semi-allous, Harr., and it is mixed with different 
proportions of individuals without lunules or with broader lunules, 
according to localities. Tutt proposes to use the name alpina, Stdgr., 
for those individuals found at high altitudes and in tae far North, 
which are of a particularly deep black and small, because Staudinger 
says that ‘“‘a small Alpine form is interesting, in which the male 
is always quite dark on the upperside.’ In my opinion the “ quite 
dark” means devoid of lunules, and the proof of it is that 
Staudinger in 1901 classifies it under allows with a “var.” which 
probably was suggested by the small size; alpina, I think, is but 
another synonym of medon. Why not admit that the revival of this 
name has rendered two of the former ones useless, rather than try and 
refer them to races and forms which their authors never had in mind ? 
(6) The race of Southern Europe, broadly speaking, is characterised 
by the broader and rounder shape of the wings, by the external 
margin being more convex, by the fringes being more markedly 
brown, by the complete absence of individuals with no orange lunules 
above, by the more or less frequent occurrence of some with very 
extensive lunules, so that the medium extent is markedly greater, and by 
the underside, which exhibits a distinct dimorphism between the first 
brood and the two summer ones: these two seasonal forms branch off 
in opposite directions from the Central Hurope race, because in the 
first brood the-underside becomes of a very cold grey tinge (with no 
trace of fulvous), except in rare individuals, and the gray is often pale 
and sometimes very pale or nearly white, showing it 1s a transition to 
sarmatis, Gr., of Russia, to infracandida, Vrty., of Syria, etc., whilst in 
the second and third broods the underside becomes markedly fulvous 
in both sexes and the basal suffusion of bluish scales disappears, as in 
icarus, thersites, thetis, etc.; in all the broods individual variation is 
much greater than in Central Hurope; three broods are produced at 
all altitudes. 
