148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 
Local varieties consist, just as in Central Europe, but more 
markedly, in the extent of the orange lunules and in the colour of the 
underside ; the different grades of these two characters produce a few 
secondary races by combining in different ways. 
I think one should in the study of European races, leave aside 
the Erschh. (1821), which was given to the race of the Canary 
Islands and which is figured and described in a different way, 
so that it is impossible to fix the brood it belonged to. Broadly 
speaking the name of ornata, Stdgr., is, in consequence, valid 
for the first brood and that of calida, Bell., for the two others of the 
South. More exactly one finds that the firss has been given to the 
individual form from Tunis with the underside of a “light grey, as in 
ordinary astrarche’’ and ‘with a wide reddish band of marginal spots 
above,’ found together with other forms ‘‘ scarcely differing from the 
usual form.” Staudinger adds that this special form was abundant in 
Sardinia and that he possessed it from Cadiz and Corsica. From this 
one can conclude that the name should be used for those races whose 
first generation has the broadest lunules; it is met with precisely in 
those localities and to it belong also nearly all the Sicilian specimens 
collected by the Quercis at Monreale, 800m. above Palermo, during the 
whole of May, and by Ragusa on Mount Pellegrino, at the beginning 
of April. Oberthur’ figures 2381-2 [Et. Lép. Comp., x.] show well 
the extent of the lunules, but the underside is darker and the size 
greater than in the Sicilian specimens. In Florence and other 
localities of Tuseany and Central Italy the culminating form never 
occurs and the average extent of the lunules is distinctly less; the 
whitish underside on the contrary does not differ from that of the 
Sicilian examples. I should name this form sugBornata, taking as 
typical my series of the Pian di Mugnone and more exactly that 
individual form in which the first lunule is absent, so that five are left 
on the forewing. In Syria (my ‘‘type” is from Beyrouth) and in 
Asia Minor (see Tutt, p. 254) the prevailing or only form is the most 
extreme variation in the ornata line, on account of the extent and 
brightness of the lunules on both surfaces and on account of the 
underside being of a perfectly pure white. JI should name it 
INFRACANDIDA. In sarmatis, Gr., from §.E. Russia the underside is of 
a less pure white tinge, there are no lunules above and the wings are 
more elongated. It is well worth naming inrraLBens those individuals 
(types ”’ in my coll. N. 10 and 24) which have a whitish underside 
and differ thus from the nymotypical form of ornata, in which it is of 
a comparatively dark gray colour, similar to agestis, and such as was 
described by Staudinger and well figured by Oberthir. Needless to say 
that no confusion is possible between form infralbens and ab. albicans, 
Aur., a true aberration. 
In the two summer generations there exist two principal forms, 
which constitute very distinct races. Form calida was described in 
1862 by Bellier, from Corsican specimens; in his description the 
following points must be emphasised: ‘‘the darker colouring of 
upperside,’ ‘‘the larger and brighter orange spots,” ‘the darker 
fringes ’’ and the ‘“ underside of both sexes, but particularly of female, 
which is striking on account of its very marked brick-red tinge.” 
Ruhl, in Pal. Gross-schmett., p. 759 (1895), gives the name of “ var. 
montana” to “large specimens with very little red on upperside, and 
