198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 
No real courtship was ever noticed and never did any one of us see a 
pair in copula. What I did see was something quite different. From 
about July 7th onwards I observed at all times of the day—morning 
and afternoon alike—examples of both sexes wandering away from the 
flowers and seeking out dense brakes of Cistus and scrub oak. On 
several occasions I observed individuals actually enter these brakes in 
the brightest sunshine and take up a resting position underneath a leaf. 
I visited some of these brakes day after day and found the butterflies 
still there ; and several times when tramping throngh the scrub in the 
day time I kicked up examples of cleopatra. I entertain no sort of 
doubt that these butterflies were in fact choosing and taking up their 
hibernating quarters, and that the rapidly declining numbers of the 
species were to be explained by withdrawal into hibernating quarters. 
The butterflies were all absolutely fresh and showed no signs of wear 
—as indeed they should not since they had not been on the wing for 
many days. 
At Digne, which I visited from July 13th to 18th, G. cleopatra was 
comparatively rare and becoming rarer, only a few males being met 
with ; and here I may perhaps say that in my experience the stragglers 
from this summer emergence which are reluctant to go into hibernation 
are always males. I have met with such belated individuals as late as 
the middle of August at Brindisi, Naples, Capri, Amalfi, and Sorrento ; 
and I found one or two in the first week in August at Corfu. Once in 
October I took a male at Brindisi, flying over the Cistus scrub. I 
imagine this had either been disturbed by the herds of goats, or had 
been deceived into flight by the spring-like character of the late 
autumn. 
The observations made at La Sainte Baume, which I have recorded 
above, only confirm earlier observations, which I had made at Brindisi, 
and seem to prove conclusively that the individuals of the summer 
emergence retire into hibernation, the bulk of them within a few days 
of emergence, and that withdrawal into winter quarters is complete by 
about the middle of August. The bulk of the individuals have retired 
by the end of July—most of them considerably earlier ; and the few 
which stay on unduly are to be regarded, I should say, either as belated 
emergences of the summer flight, or as normally-emerged individuals 
in which the instinct of hibernation is faulty. (Similar ‘faults’ are 
not unknown in other hibernating species). 
Now in the South of Europe there occurs almost regularly a period 
in the late autumn when, as the result of rains followed by a spell of 
tempered sunshine, the conditions approximate very closely to those of 
spring. This corresponds, I take it, to the ‘“‘Indian summer” of 
American and other authors. It is marked by a recrudescence of 
growth and flowering in many low plants, especially in the case of 
those which are of early spring-flowering habits; and there is also a 
marked recrudescence of song on the part of birds which have been 
long silent. It would not be surprising if in the case of butterflies, 
which require spring-like conditions to call them forth from hibernation, 
a certain small proportion of the whole should have the hibernating 
instinct so imperfectly developed as to be lured out by the counterfeit 
spring. I suggest that this is the explanation of the October examples 
referred to by Mr. Turner in his paper referred to above. In the 
normal course, had they not been deceived by fair appearances, I suggest 
