918 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 
LITERATURE. 
Mr. Donisthorpe has very kindly collected for me all the references 
quoted in this paper. 
Donisthorpe, Hint. Rec., 26, 186 (1914). 
5 British Ants, 323 (1915). 
i Ent. Rec., 27, 258-259 (1915) ; 29, 31 (1917); 30, 22 
(1918); 31, 1 (1919). 
Santschi, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sct. Nat., 53, 175-178 (1920). 
Viehmeyer, Arch. Neturg., 81, 111 (1915), 
ss Fint. Mit., 6, 71 (1917). 
Wheeler, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 19, 65-8-83 (1903) ; 48, 49-56 
(1914). 
4 Psyche, 26, 2-5 (1919). 
Some records of, and observations on, the Flying-habit of 
‘ ___ Butterflies when paired. 
By B. C. §. WARREN, F.E.S. 
During the last few years many interesting notes on the flying- 
habits of butterflies when paired, have appeared in the Hntomologist’s 
Record ; and having myself, in the same period, made observations on 
seventy-nine pairs belonging to forty-four species of butterflies, I 
naturally was much interested in comparing other collectors’ records 
with my own. In the June number of 1917, Mr. C. W. Colthrup 
suggests that certain species exhibit different habits on the 
Continent and in England. I may note at once that this is not so, 
but only a misconception arising from a want of sufficient data. 
Some very interesting observations of Donzel’s, written in 1837, 
were given by Mr. H. J. Turner (Hnt. Rec., vol. xxviii. p. 88.) In 
these Donzel advocates the theory that the carrying habit is the same 
for all the species of a genus, and is therefore a valuable characteristic 
in determining the limits of genera. All my observations, and the 
records I have seen, have given such complete confirmation of this 
theory, that in the future should any apparent exception be noted, I 
should feel no doubt that it was merely our conception of the genus in 
question which was at fault. The fact that there are some few species 
in which both sexes are able to carry, is not the least antagonistic to 
the theory; it being merely the case that all the species of the genera 
concerned, exhibit this unusual habit. It may well be though, that 
this habit is more general than is at present known, only we have 
not sufficient data to establish the fact. 
The following are the instances which have come under my 
observation ; in each case notes were ey on the spot and not trusted 
to memory. 
Genus. Erynnis. 
E. lavaterae, observed once. At Vernayaz, Valais. July 7th, 
1917. ¢@ carried 3. 
Genus Hesperia. 
H. ryffelensis, observed once. On the Parpaner-Rothorn, 'Grisons. 
_ August 8th, 1919. 9° carried ¢. * | 
H. serratulae, observed once. In the Val Sporz, Lenzerheide, 
Grisons. July 12th, 1919. I took a pair, but unfortunately they 
