226 THE MWNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
self collected in the Tyrol the co-types of the phormia, he is convinced 
that it is a case of distinct races. The H. jurtina has always been 
the commonest butterfly in the environs of Florence, but in June, 
1920, the epoch of greatest emergence of this species, only very few 
specimens were to be seen in the dry and burnt-up country. 
Melanargia galathea, L., race florentina, Vrty.—T he emergence of this: 
common species was also very scarce. 
Pararye megera, L., race megera, L.A few specimens in the second 
half of April. 
Pararge maera, L., race appenina, Vrty., I. gen. apennina, Vrty.— 
Only five specimens. 
Pararge aegeria, L., race italica, Vrty., I. gen. italica, Vrty.—One 
specimen. 
Limenitis rivularis, Scop. (=camilla, auctorium), race reducta, 
Ster., I. gen. reducta, Stgr.—Seven males and no females. 
Melitaea didyma, Esp., race protea, Vrty., I. gen. protea, Vrty.— 
Scarce from May 8th to the 80th. 
Melitaea phoebe, Knoch, race tusca, Vrty., 1. gen. tusea, Vrty.— 
Very scarce. 
Melitaea cinaia, L., race australis, Vrty:—Much more abundant in 
May than in the other years. 
Melitaea athalia, Rott., race tenuis, Vrty.—A few males at the 
beginning of June. The females ought to have emerged at the time 
when. there occurred the phenomenon of the cessation of all species, 
and they therefore did not appear. 
Issoria lathonia, L., race emiflorens, Vrty., I. gen. lathonia, L.— . 
Entirely missed. 
Brenthis hecate, Schiff., race florida, Vrty.—The males of this fine 
race, hitherto found only near Florence, and so different from the 
typical race of Austria, emerged in unusual abundance on May 30th, 
and we were able to make a good collection of them, but with June Ist, 
from some cause not to be explained, all the Lepidoptera ceased to 
appear, as I have already said. The continual search by my son-in- 
law, Dr. Romei, to find the females of B. hecate, had no result. In 
the country, which was burnt up as if a fire had passed over it, with 
a sky perfectly cloudless, and a sun burning hot, there only flew a few 
remnants of EH. jurtina and P. tithonus. 
‘Brenthis dia, L., race laetior, Vrty., I. gen. laetior, Vrty.—The first 
brood of this species is considered by us to be a real rarity of 
Florence. This year, on the contrary, there was a great emergence 
on April 18th. 
The Papilionidae and the Vanessidi were quite wanting. A few 
individuals of the Zygaenides emerged as Proeris cognata and P- 
statices, Z. achilleae, race triptolemus, Hb., 24. stoechadis, Bkh., Z. . 
transalpina, race intermedia, Rocci, Z. oaytropis, B., Zygaena 
 erythrus, Hb., Z. punctum, O., Z. scabiosae, Schey., and even the very 
common 4%. carniolica race florentina, Vrty., did not appear at all. 
I have delayed mentioning the emergence of the different species 
to draw from them biological conclusions, which to me are most 
interesting. For seven years we have collected continually in the 
environs of Florence, and what has struck us the most in the researches 
of last spring is that the most common species as A. thetis, P. icarus, 
G.rhammui, C. eroceus (edusa), P. napi, P. rapae, M. (P.) brassicae, A- 
x 
