SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 22:°7 
crataegt, C. pamphilus, E.jurtina, P. megera, and M. galathea had become 
the scarcest, whilst others which are always scarce, such as H. sidae, A. 
eschert, CU. semiargus, C. sebrus, N. acaciae, C. hyale, B. hecate, and B. 
dia appeared in abundance. To be noted also is the almost total 
suppression of F. lavatherae, H. onopordi, R. phlaeas, N. ilicis, G. 
rhamni, G. cleopatra, P. manni, A. crataegi, the Papilionidae and the 
Vanessidae, 
The emergences of the species was anticipated by about 15 days in 
comparison with what happens in normal years. The females felt the 
adverse condition even more than the males. It would seem that their 
development, necessarily longer and more complicated from the forma- 
tion of the organs of egg production, was decidedly impeded, and the 
greater part of the chrysalids died in the larval state. 
Worthy of note also is the sudden emergence of N. tayes and B. 
hecate, which took place on one day only, and then ceased suddenly. 
Most notable of all was the sudden cessation of emergences of all Lepi- 
doptera which happened in the plains at the beginning of the month 
of June, and in the mountains at the beginning of July. The “Sum- 
MER PAUSE,’’ which we consider due to excessive heat and the absolute 
dryness of the Italian peninsula, and which generally occurs from July 
20th to August 5th, lasted this year instead from June 12th to Sep- 
tember 5th on the Florentine hills. 
(To be continued.) 
SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 
On tHe Lire History or GonepreRyx cLEOPATRA.—I was very 
interested to read the letter on this subject from Mr. Simes, and, as I 
have experimented with this beautiful insect for the last eleven years, 
I may perhaps be permitted to make some observations. I stocked 
my covered-in butterfly garden at Hast Farleigh with this insect in 
1909, obtaining my stock from two different localities. Some four 
years later, with the kind assistance of Dr. Chapman, I introduced 
some fresh blood from a third locality. As all the butterflies have 
acted in precisely the same manner, I think we may accept their 
actions as the true life history of the species. It is as follows :—The 
females (I am going principally to speak of them) pair invariably before 
hibernation. They retire under ivy leaves and other evergreen leaves 
and remain tight till about April. Last season, being unusually early, 
ova were laid in March. ‘Two years ago I noted one 2 who remained 
tight till May 14th. The big summer brood begins to emerge, as a 
rule, about the middle of June, while many of the hibernated @ 2 are 
still on the wing. These old ? ? sometimes pair for a second time 
with one of the younger generation. The fresh 9.9 pair at once. I 
think it was three years ago that Mr. Frohawk was with me in the 
garden in mid-June. I pinned out three freshly emerged 2? 9, 
hanging to their pupa cases and drying their wings. When we passed 
the spot about half-an-hour later we noticed that all three were paired 
up, never having flown. This very frequently happens. 1 often go 
round the garden with a lamp at night at mid-summer and count 
fifteen to twenty pairs in cop on shrubs and creepers where they are 
almost invisible by sunlight. We carried out an elaborate experiment 
one year in order to find out what proportion of them laid at once and 
