LEPIDOPTEROLOGY. 8 



occujiied distinct areas, and the cases of their occurring on the same 

 ground was of the nature of overlapping." 



This seems just the condition lil\ely to produce occasional crossings 

 and consequent intermediates between the forms of one species. 



Dr. Chapman, in his article quoted above, notes that var. arrafjo- 

 nensis was found on limestone, whereas var. Jiispana was not. It is 

 true that Puerta de la Losilla, where I think both forms were met with 

 by him, is not strictly speaking on limestone, which has in the neigh- 

 bourhood a cap of red sandstone, but in places this rock is worn very 

 thin by the action of water, and I noticed in one or two spots the lime- 

 stone plants Avere abundant. 



My own experience was very similar, var. an'agonensia was only 

 found amongst limestone plants, var. Jiiapana on the contrary — with 

 the exception of- the one wandering example before noted — Avas con- 

 fined to an igneous stratum, the exact nature of which I am not certain. 



I found it abundant on the hills to the west of the village of 

 Noguera, which is situated some fifteen miles west of Albarracin. The 

 vegetation here was entirely different from that of the limestone forma- 

 tion on which var. arrafionends is found, and included vast thickets of 

 CistHs ladanifenis, in the clearings between which var. hispayia occurred 

 freely. Its headquarters Avas a sunny slope of perhaps two or three 

 acres, about two miles from the village ; here these beautiful creatures 

 were flying in hundreds, and one could catch a dozen or so with a 

 sweep of the net. 



It may perhaps be said, if there were intermediates between hispana 

 and arra(/oneiisis in the vicinity of Albarracin in 1905, how was it that 

 there were none observed in 1901 ? and if his]ia)ia was not infrequent 

 in 1901 how was it that (with the exception of a single wanderer) it 

 was not seen in 1905? To which I would reply, that I think it probable 

 we did not tap Dr. Chapman's locality in which he found hispana and 

 arrar/oncnsis frequenting adjoining ground but keeping apart ; or his 

 colony of hispana, presumedly a weak one, may have died out so far as 

 pure specimens were concerned, and have only been represented by 

 intermediates, the results of crossings in previous years. It is of course 

 possible that there had not been any crossings the year previous to 

 1901, or that there were for other reasons not any intermediates in 

 evidence in that year. 



Lying before me as I write is a geological map of the district I am 

 discussing. It shows a remarkably diverse arrangement of the strata, 

 and I cannot help thinking that there must be a strong colony, and 

 probably several, of hisj)a)ia, in the neighbourhood, at present undis- 

 covered, and which was the source of the small numbers of that form 

 which have been seen or captured. 



Lepidopterology.' 



By T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.E.S. 



This volume is in quarto, no doubt owing to the exigencies of 

 having plates large enough to show of natural size the gigantic moths 



* Etudes de Lepidopterologie Comparee, Fasc. Xlbis. Contributions a I'etude 

 des Grands Lepidopteres d'Austialie (Genres Coscinocera et Xyleutes) par Charles 

 Oberthiir, Constant Houlbert, et F. P. Dodd. 



