BKENTHIS PALES, ITS HISTORY AND ITS NAMED FORMS. 103 



washed-out colour above, much suffused with black, shot with violet at 

 base and outer margin. Underside yellower." 



Of var. ? napaea, Hb., he says, " A ? form of pale greenish colour 

 shaded black as in 5 type, but underside with apex of forewing 

 greenish straw colour, as also hindwing, from which all silvery traces 

 have disappeared, and also the anti-marginal series of spots." 



Of var. caucasica, Stgr., he says, " Of uniform fulvous above and 

 paler beneath." 



Staudinger in 1886, Stett. e. Zeit., p. 235, described a variety, 

 which he named t/enerator, from Central Asia, and which he obtained 

 in numbers from the Alai, Tianschan, Ala Tau, etc., and differing from 

 both the European and the Altai form, such as to merit a distinctive 

 name. 



The following are his remarks on this form: — " Since I consider 

 that these are the stem-form of all other pales varieties, I call it 

 generator. But the generator males are particularly more vividly brown- 

 red and less black marked. The females also are paler, with less black, 

 and only rarely show the green-gray colouring of the aberration napaea, 

 , Hb., and then only on the forewings. They are also marked with 

 whitish marginal spots on the forewings, which for the most part only 

 exist at the inner angle. The underside in the male is brown-red and 

 yellow mixed, as is usual in jiales. I sent out these specimens as var. 

 isix, although I recognised they were not exactly that form. I.s/.s, Hb., 

 (^ on the upperside is an ordinarily, strongly black marked paleft, whose 

 forewings on the underside are pronouncedly yellow. Probably there 

 is an approach to a casual, similarly yellow aberration below, which I 

 formerly obtained singly from the Alps, although never so yellow. 

 The jiales from the Altai and Tarbagatai are ordinarily as yellow below 

 and since they are also tolerably strongly marked with black above, can 

 be also taken to represent var. isis. The isis 2 of Hiibner, described 

 much later, is an ordinary palea, large and somewhat dark ; it might 

 also pass in a general way for that of var. generator.^' 



In his Cat., 1901, Staudinger put the graeca of Alpheraky 

 Hor. Ross., 1881, p. 409, as a synonym of his form generator. In 

 fact as soon as Staudinger obtained sufficient material of the form 

 Alpheraky had considered in 1881 as his (Staudinger's) iovm graeca, he 

 saw that it was distinct and immediately named it. 



Calberla, his, vol. i., p. 138, (1887) "Die Macro, rom. Campagna," 

 said of pales, " Abruzzi in July, not common. It flies on an alp at 1600 

 metres and is of a very small form ; 30-36mm. The male on the 

 underside of the hindwing strongly rust-red and yellow^ spotted, slightly 

 powdered greenish at the base. The female with not much darkened 

 upperside, the marginal spot of the hindwing on the upperside 

 markedly bright yellow, on the underside the apex of the forewings 

 and the whole hindwings yellow, less mixed with rust-red than thec^ . 

 Var. isis, Hb. ? In the Abruzzi." 



In 1889 Teich recorded Arb. Nat. Forsch. Ver., Riga, p. 7, 

 arsilache as occurring near Riga. This would probably be at a low 

 level. 



In 1891 Grum-Grshimailo, Hor. Ent. Boss., vol. xxv., p. 456, 

 described a new form of Brenthis pales from Central Asia as var, 

 si fa nica. 



" Luteis alls pallidioribus, anticis maculis nigris distinctissimis. 



