130 THE entomologist's record. 



unicoloribus, omnibus venis undique usque ad marginem incrasfeate 

 nigris, tantum margine antemarginali efc interior! alarum rufescenti 

 colore. Subtus alis anticis signis nigris paucis, obsoletissimis, alis 

 posticis sine punctis marginalibus. Habitat in Ehsetia." 



Very few markings on forewing, hindwing almost wholly black, 

 only traces of marking on underside forewings, the outer marginal 

 spots wanting on the underside hindwings. 



In discussing j>ales Riihl said that if one has a large number of 

 both isifi and napaen it is almost impossible to separate them as the two 

 forms intergrade so largely, and that aifanica seems only ordinary 

 paleH. 



Leech, Butt, nj China, vol. i., p. 224 (1892), described j/aZf.s from 

 China. '• Bright fulvous, spotted with black ; bases dark. Marginal 

 fringes plain. Underside forewings with very indistinct black spots ; 

 hindwings with a marginal row of pearly or silvery spots ; the area of 

 the wing variegated with yellow, purple, and reddish-brown, and with 

 silvery spots mostly with a triangular outline." 



His specimens, taken at over 9,000ft., are very brightly coloured, 

 with less silvery marks than in the usual European form, although 

 they agree very well with some Swiss forms. The Chinese specimens 

 do not agree with the Himalayan forms, sipara, Moore, hayalacha, 

 Moore, or (/eneratoi , Stgr. 



In the Stett. ent. Zeit., p. 124 (1893), A. Hoffmann remarked on 

 the var. lajiponica taken by him in N. Finland as follows : " While my 

 arsilache from the Upper Harz vary for the most part in one direction, 

 viz., by more or less strong darkening of the discal area of the fore- 

 wings, in the N. Finnish lajijionica a strong blackening of the whole 

 surface of the Avings is more apparent. I took one female example, 

 which showed very strong darkening of all the wings on the upperside, 

 the underside of the hindwings wholly bright, greenish-j^ellow, little 

 marbled with brown ; the brown basal area wholly wanting, and con- 

 spicuously so from the strong extension of the silver spots ; the silver 

 marginal spots are also strongly produced towards the base. Thus the 

 general appearance of the markings on both the hindwings differs, and 

 on the whole is so much obliterated that little of the typical aviiilache 

 marking is to be seen." 



In 1893 Grum-Grshimailo, Hot. Ent. Rnxs^., vol. xxvii., p. 128, 

 described a new form of £>. pales from the PaliBarctic region (Central 

 Asia) as var. altaica. 



" Alis maris subtus, feminae supra et subtus, pallidioribus, obtu- 

 sioribus." In the Altai mountains. 



Staudinger, Cat., ed. iii., p. 34 (1901), put altaica as synonymous 

 with ifiis. 



Hofmann, in 1894, (tvs. -Scion. Ear., ed. ii., pit. 9, fig. 146, gave a 

 good representation of anilac/te 2 ?> and in fig. 14a, one of a well-marked 

 2 pales. The letterpress, p. 16, is only a short summary of facts as to 

 forms. 



Riihl, in Pal. Gj-s.-Schiii., vol. i., p. 424, etc. (1895), goes into con- 

 siderable detail as to the range of variation of marking in the type 

 form, and also in that of the chief named forms, i.e., a full summary 

 of what had previouf-ly been written. 



He considered, Pal. Grass., p. 796 (1895), sipora and haralacha as 

 synonymous with jtales ; says that according to Elwes, pales, H.G., 



