BEENTHIS PALES, ITS HISTORY AND ITS NAMED PORMS. l33 



with red-brown hairs. The upperside is unicolorous black with a 

 greenish sheen, the costa at the base and the apical part powdered 

 yellowish, similarly yellowish short marginal streaks between the 

 veins, on the margins of the hindwings between the veins chequered 

 spots of the same colour. The fringes on the forewings are black and 

 yellowish chequered, on the hindwings intersected. The marking on 

 the underside is normal, the forewings are black suffused and strongly 

 marked, on the hindwings the colour contrast is so particularly strong 

 that it changes from red- brown to black-brown and to black," 



Galvagni, in conclusion, makes the following general observations : 

 "Dr. Standfuss (iianrf, ed. 2, p. 202, 1896) gives as reasons for 

 melanism, individual praedisposition, and heat, the natural view points 

 to the first proviso, the latter reason appears to depend on chance. 

 July had failed to bring the alpine flora to a quicker development, even 

 in the highest places, until the middle of the month, a delay of the 

 normal time of flowering by an interval of about three weeks had 

 occurred, a circumstance which is not without influence on the 

 insects. Thus in the year 1899 j^ales flew on the Madern des Blaser 

 on July 20th and 22nd, the type form and the form arsilache, var. isis 

 and var. tiapaea I obtained in the same locality, quite fresh, for the first 

 time on August 14th, The note of Dr. Standfuss, that melanic speci- 

 mens are always the largest does not hold in this case. Out of 16 

 specimens of napaea a quite normal specimen of the form is the largest 

 and has an expansion of 43mm,, the smallest measures 37mm., the 

 melanic form is 39mm. The average is 40mm. -42mm." 



In 1901 Staudinger, in his Cat. Lep. Pal. Fn., ed. iii., p, 35, sums 

 up the accepted continental opinions at the time as follows : — 



^' imles, Schiff, [arsilache, Esp,, 56, 4), [killiasi, RiihL) [isis, Hb., 

 563-4 2). 



" ab, $ napaea, 757-8 [pales, H.G,, 964), ' J supra virescens,' 



" var, et ab, isis, Hb,, 38-39 $ [altaica, G,-Gr,), ' major, pallidior, 

 signaturis nigr, minor., <? subt. sulphureus.' 



"var, generator, Stgr. [graeca, Alpher., Hor, xvi,), ' praec, v. similis, 

 (? saturatius fulvus, multo minus [saepe in disco nullo modo] nigro- 

 signatus, $ lunulis antimarg, subalbidis,' 



" var, lapponica, Stgr, (transitus ad arsilache). 



" var, arsilache, Esp,, 56-5 [i^iducta. Spang,) [napaea, Dup,, i,, 48), 

 ' al, ant. subt, nigro-maculatus,' 



" var, caucasica, Stgr, [arsilache, HS,, 259-62), •' g' saturatius fulvus, 

 subt, pallidior,' 



" var, (/?-aeca, Stgr., Hor. vii., ' subt. pallidior, ciliis albo-nigroque 

 variis.' 



" var. sifatiica, G.-Gr., Hor. xxv., ' praec. var. simillima [caucasica), 

 plerumque minor, patria tantummodo distinguenda,' 



" var, sipora, Moore, [barachla, Moore.), ' var, caucasica et var, 

 graeca similis ' " (recte haralacha). 



In 1902 Lambillion, in his Pap. Belg., p. 101, says that var. inducta 

 is the form from Finland and Lapland, var, killiasi is from the Juliers, 

 var, sifanica, from Amdo, generator from Fergana, etc. 



In Cat. N. Am. Lep., p. 16 (102), Dyar places the var. alaskensis 

 next to Br enthis myrina. 



In 1903 Wheeler, in his Butt. Switz., p. 80, gives the direction of 

 variation as shown in Central Europe as — 



