142 THE entomologist's record. 



ficially obvious, without reference to structural and other characters,, 

 as easy to observe, but not forcing themselves on our notice. If we 

 compare H. sidae with H. carthami we find in the latter various speci- 

 mens with a very warm tint of the ground colour, that suggest that it 

 might easily lead up to the bright orange of H. sidae. The forms of the 

 markings are very similar, there is a close resemblance in the three 

 marginal spots on the hindwing below veins 2, 3 and 4. In no other 

 species of the European section does there occur, as is often the case in 

 cartliavii, and in some specimens of H. centanreae there may also be 

 seen a clear indication of a dark marginal outline of the spots of 

 the underside of the hindwing, obviously related to the dark margins- 

 of the spots in H. sidae, which so much emphasise the prominence of 

 the orange bands. Dr. Eeverdin remarks on the close resemblance of 

 the underside of H. antonia to that of H. sidae, not only has it the 

 same orange bands as in H. sidae, but they are also, or even more 

 markedly, outlined in black. The acquisition of this special colouring 

 must have been entirely independent in the two species. In confirma- 

 tion of this, we find that in tl. antonia, the white and orange spots in 

 front of vein 7 are reversed as compared with H . sidae, what are white 

 in sidae are orange, what are orange in sidae are white, and there is 

 further an orange spot, with black margin, in antonia, at the wing base, 

 in advance of vein 8, an area without any marking in H. sidae. The 

 result, however, is that, without analysing the actual arrangement, the 

 disposition of the orange bands and spots seem precisely the same in 

 both. The two species are one of European, the other of Asiatic rela- 

 tionship, but their habitats are reported to extend in the one case East- 

 ward in the other Westward, to Turkestan. So that mimicry is not an 

 excluded explanation, supported no doubt by an identical result pro- 

 duced by a different disposition of markings. It might, however, be 

 held that similar markings were produced in the two species, by similar 

 forces, one acting in a European the other in an Asiatic area. In any 

 case, it is fairly certain that the markings were separately evolved in 

 the two cases, a similar generic constitution, rendering a similar result 

 from similar causes to be more easily produced, though it is difficult to 

 believe such an identity of effect without actual identity of markings 

 could be produced apart from mimicry. 



It is necessary to remember, however, that certain members of this 

 group are after all rather Asiatic in distribution, if not in facies, than 

 European, sibirica, alpina, caslivnrensis, and even centanreae, the latter 

 by the way often presenting some trace of a black line margining the 

 spots beneath the hindwing ; in marked contrast to the washed-out 

 indefiniteness of the underside of cacaliae, for instance, in which the 

 cloudy extension of the discal spot of the forewing seems to afl'ect in 

 some degree all the markings. 



The appendages of this group agree with the alreus group (and other 

 " European " forms) in having the two sides of the clasp comparatively 

 parallel, and in the valve (more ventral element) being much longer 

 than the harpe (dorsal element) apart from the style, which looks, and 

 makes one regard it, as rather an appendage to, than as a part of, the 

 harpe itself ; this is not of course a correct view, but is useful in the 

 comparison between the " European " and some" Asiatic " forms. These 

 Asiatic forms have the harpe and valve of nearly the same length, the 

 style is minimised and the harpe and valve are curved, so as to give the- 



